René II, Duke of Lorraine

René II
Duke of Lorraine
Born (1451-05-02)2 May 1451
Angers
Died 10 December 1508(1508-12-10) (aged 57)
Fains
Spouse Philippa of Guelders
House Lorraine
Father Frederick II of Vaudémont
Mother Yolande of Lorraine

René II (2 May 1451 – 10 December 1508) was Count of Vaudémont from 1470, Duke of Lorraine from 1473, and Duke of Bar from 1483 to 1508. He claimed the crown of the Kingdom of Naples and the County of Provence as the Duke of Calabria 1480–1493 and as King of Naples and Jerusalem 1493–1508. He succeeded his uncle John of Vaudémont as Count of Harcourt in 1473, exchanging it for the county of Aumale in 1495. He succeeded as Count of Guise in 1504.

Life

He was born in Angers, the son of Yolande of Lorraine and Frederick, Count of Vaudémont.

René spent his youth in the court of his grandfather René I of Anjou between Angers and Provence, succeeding to his father in Vaudémont in 1470 and, three years later, to his uncle as captain of Angers, senechal and governor of Anjou. In the same year he became Duke of Lorraine, which was at the time under the pressure of both Louis XI of France and Charles the Bold of Burgundy, with whom he initially allied. When the latter began to establish garrisons in Lorraine, however, René secretly allied with Louis (1474).

Charles invaded the duchy and René was forced to quit Nancy (30 November 1475). He regained the city on 5 October the following year and moved to Switzerland to hire an army of Swiss mercenaries. With this force René defeated and killed Charles at the Battle of Nancy (5 January 1477), ending the Burgundian Wars. In 1476, upon the death of his grandmother, he became sole Count of Harcourt and Baron of Elbeuf.

Later, René got to bad terms with Louis, who had taken most of his heritage. In June 1478, as compensation for the royal seizure of Anjou and Provence, Louis XI reaffirmed his rights to the formerly Burgundian possessions of the Duchy of Luxembourg and the County of Burgundy, and then transferred those rights to René and all of his descendants.[1]

The transfer of the County of Burgundy to France in 1482 with the Treaty of Arras made realization of these rights possible, but the County was returned to the Habsburgs in 1493 with the Treaty of Senlis and René would not exercise control over the County again. Likewise, any authority over Luxembourg was merely theoretical outside of the seizure of Virton, as the Duchy remained in possession of the Habsburgs throughout René's lifetime.

In 1480 René succeeded his grandfather as Duke of Bar while his mother was still living. In 1482 he conquered the prévôté of Virton, a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and annexed it to Bar. In 1484 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, regent for the young King Charles VIII of France, formally installed him in the Duchy of Bar.[2]

When his mother Yolande died in 1483, he succeeded her in her claims to the kingdoms of Naples and Jerusalem. In 1482, René traveled to Italy and defeated the Duke of Ferrara in the Battle of Adria as an ally of the Republic of Venice.

In 1485 René took part in the first phase of the so-called "Mad War", but prudentially retired after a while. In 1488 the Neapolitans offered him the crown of the Kingdom of Naples, and René set an expedition to gain possession of the realm; he was however halted by the new French king, Charles VIII, who intended to claim the realm himself.

In 1495, to settle a dispute with his second cousin, Jean IV de Rieux, over their grandmothers' inheritance, he ceded to Jean the county of Harcourt and its appurtenances, retaining only Elbeuf and Brionne, and receiving the county of Aumale.[3]

Death

René fell ill during a hunt in Fains, and died on 10 December 1508, aged 57.

Family

On his mother's side, he was a grandson of Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. His father was a member of the Vaudémont family, a junior branch of the Lorraine ducal family, descending from John I, Duke of Lorraine. He was thus both heir-general and heir-male to the Duchy when he succeeded on the death of his cousin Nicholas in 1473.

On 9 September 1471 he married Jeanne d'Harcourt (d. 1488), Countess of Tancarville, but the marriage was annulled in 1485.

René married Philippa of Guelders, daughter of Adolf, Duke of Guelders, in Orléans on 1 September 1485 and had the following children:

Ancestors

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ de Laurière 1828, pp. 406-406.
  2. ↑ Monter 2007, pp. 23–24.
  3. ↑ Carroll 1998, pp. 17–19.
  4. 1 2 3 Wellman 2013, p. 236.

Sources

  • Lepage, Henri (1884). "La guerre de Sedan: Episode du règne de René II (1493–1496)". Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie lorraine. 3. 34: 183–224.
  • de Laurière, Eusèbe (1968). Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race: recueillies pur ordre chronologique dix-huitième volume. Farnborough, Hampshire: Gregg Press Limited.
  • Monter, E. William (2007). A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477–1736. Paris: Librairie Droz.
  • Carroll, Stuart (1998). Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62404-5. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  • Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press.
Titles of nobility
Preceded by
Frederick II		 Count of Vaudémont
1470–1508		 Succeeded by
Antoine
Preceded by
Nicholas I		 Duke of Lorraine
with Yolande 1473–1483
1473–1508
Vacant
Title last held by
Nicholas I		 Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson
1480–1508
Preceded by
Yolande		 Duke of Bar
1483–1508
French nobility
Preceded by
John		 Count of Harcourt
1473–1495		 Succeeded by
Jean IV
Baron of Elbeuf
1473–1508		 Succeeded by
Claude
Preceded by
Jean IV		 Count of Aumale
1495–1508
Preceded by
Charlotte		 Count of Guise
1504–1508
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