Relative effective Cartier divisor

In algebraic geometry, a relative effective Cartier divisor is roughly a family of effective Cartier divisors. Precisely, an effective Cartier divisor in a scheme X over a ring R is a closed subscheme D of X that (1) is flat over R and (2) the ideal sheaf of D is locally free of rank one (i.e., invertible sheaf). Equivalently, a closed subscheme D of X is an effective Cartier divisor if there is an open affine cover of X and nonzerodivisors such that the intersection is given by the equation (called local equations) and is flat over R and such that they are compatible.

An effective Cartier divisor as the zero-locus of a section of a line bundle

Let L be a line bundle on X and s a section of it such that (in other words, s is a -regular element for any open subset U.)

Choose some open cover of X such that . For each i, through the isomorphisms, the restriction corresponds to a nonzerodivisor of . Now, define the closed subscheme of X (called the zero-locus of the section s) by

where the right-hand side means the closed subscheme of given by the ideal sheaf generated by . This is well-defined (i.e., they agree on the overlaps) since is a unit element. For the same reason, the closed subscheme is independent of the choice of local trivializations.

Equivalently, the zero locus of s can be constructed as a fiber of a morphism; namely, viewing L as the total space of it, the section s is a X-morphism of L: a morphism such that s followed by is the identity. Then may be constructed as the fiber product of s and the zero-section embedding .

Finally, when is flat over the base scheme S, it is an effective Cartier divisor on X over S. Furthermore, this construction exhausts all effective Cartier divisors on X as follows. Let D be an effective Cartier divisor and denote the ideal sheaf of D. Because of locally-freeness, taking of gives the exact sequence

In particular, 1 in can be identified with a section in , which we denote by .

Now we can repeat the early argument with . Since D is an effective Cartier divisor, D is locally of the form on for some nonzerodivisor f in A. The trivialization is given by multiplication by f; in particular, 1 corresponds to f. Hence, the zero-locus of is D.

Properties

  • If D and D' are effective Cartier divisors, then the sum is the effective Cartier divisor defined locally as if f, g give local equations for D and D' .
  • If D is an effective Cartier divisor and is a ring homomorphism, then is an effective Cartier divisor in .
  • If D is an effective Cartier divisor and a flat morphism over R, then is an effective Cartier divisor in X' with the ideal sheaf .

Examples

Effective Cartier divisors on a relative curve

From now on suppose X is a smooth curve (still over R). Let D be an effective Cartier divisor in X and assume it is proper over R (which is immediate if X is proper.) Then is a locally free R-module of finite rank. This rank is called the degree of D and is denoted by . It is a locally constant function on . If D and D' are proper effective Cartier divisors, then is proper over R and . Let be a finite flat morphism. Then .[1] On the other hand, a base change does not change degree: .[2]

A closed subscheme D of X is finite, flat and of finite presentation if and only if it is an effective Cartier divisor that is proper over R.[3]

Weil divisors associated to effective Cartier divisors

Given an effective Cartier divisor D, there are two equivalent ways to associate Weil divisor to it.

Notes

  1. Katz–Mazur 1985, Lemma 1.2.8.
  2. Katz–Mazur 1985, Lemma 1.2.9.
  3. Katz–Mazur 1985, Lemma 1.2.3.

References

  • Katz, Nicholas M; Mazur, Barry (1985). Arithmetic Moduli of Elliptic Curves. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08352-5.
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