Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford

Ragnall ua Ímair
King of Waterford
Refer to caption
Ragnall's name as it appears on folio 39r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489.[1]
Reign 1022–1035
Predecessor Sitriuc mac Ímair
Died 1035
Dynasty Uí Ímair (probably)

Ragnall ua Ímair (died 1035),[2] also known as Ragnall mac Ragnaill,[3][note 1] was an eleventh-century King of Waterford. He appears to have ruled as king from 1022 to 1035, the year of his death.

Family

Refer to caption
Ragnall's name as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488 (the Annals of Tigernach): "Ragnall mac Raghnaill meic Ímuir".[6]

Ragnall seems to have been a descendant of Ímar, King of Waterford (died 1000).[7] Ragnall's father may have been Ragnall mac Ímair, King of Waterford (died 1018).[8] Such a relationship would indicate that the patronym ua Ímair—accorded to Ragnall by the Irish Annals that note his death—refers to Ragnall mac Ímair's father, the aforesaid Ímar.[9][note 2]

Reign and Death

Photograph of Reginald's Tower
Although Reginald's Tower in Waterford was built by Anglo-Normans, it likely sits upon an earlier Viking Age fort, and seems to be named after one of the kings of Waterford who bore the name Ragnall (a name cognate to Reginald and Røgnvaldr).[11]

Very little is known of the Waterfordian kingship in the early eleventh century.[12] Ímar died in 1000.[13] His son, the aforesaid Ragnall mac Ímair, died as king in 1018.[14] Another son of Ímar, Sitriuc mac Ímair, King of Waterford was slain by the King of Osraige in 1022.[15] An apparent brother of Ragnall died in 1015.[16] Ragnall himself appears to have ruled Waterford from 1022 to 1035.[17] The Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Tigernach, and the Annals of Ulster reveal that, in 1035, Ragnall was slain by Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin (died 1042).[18]

The following year, Sitriuc mac Amlaíb was driven out of Dublin by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (died 1064/1065).[19] Whilst the parentage of the latter is uncertain, if he was a related to Ragnall—perhaps as either a brother or son—it could mean that Echmarcach's actions against Sitriuc mac Amlaíb were undertaken in revenge for his death.[20] Against this possibility is the fact that there is no evidence that Echmarcach, or his known family, had any connection with Waterford.[21] Whatever the case, Ragnall's fall appears to have been an important benchmark in Waterford's history, and after this date the enclave increasingly fell prey to the machinations of the Uí Briain and the Uí Cheinnselaig.[22] In fact, two years after the killing, the King of Waterford was Cú Inmain ua Robann (died 1037), an apparent Irishman.[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as Ragnall Ua Ímair,[4] and Røgnvaldr Røgnvaldarson.[5]
  2. ↑ If, on the other hand, Ragnall was not a son of Ragnall mac Ímair, another possibility is that he was the son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles (died 1004/1005).[10]

Citations

  1. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1035.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1035.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  2. ↑ Downham (2007).
  3. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
  4. ↑ Connon (2005).
  5. ↑ Duffy (2006).
  6. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1031.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1031.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  7. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 56 fig. 10; Connon (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 181; Duffy (1992) p. 96.
  8. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 56 fig. 10; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 181; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
  9. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1035.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1035.5; Downham (2007) p. 3 n. 12.
  10. ↑ Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 55.
  11. ↑ Wilson (2014) p. 30; Hurley (2011).
  12. ↑ Etchingham (2001) p. 181.
  13. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1000.3; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1000.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 999.7; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 999.7; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 999; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 999; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1000.3; Downham (2007) pp. 56 fig. 10, 261; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1000.2; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 181; Murphy (1896) p. 164.
  14. ↑ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1018.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1018.5; Downham (2007) p. 56 fig. 10; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 181; Jaski (1997) p. 139 § 1035.5.
  15. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1022.1; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1022.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1022.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1022.11; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1022; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1022; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1022.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1022.1; Downham (2007) p. 56 fig. 10; Duffy (2006) p. 52; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1022.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1022.2; Etchingham (2001) p. 181; Jaski (1997) p. 137 § 1022.1; Murphy (1896) p. 170.
  16. ↑ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1014.15; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1014.15; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1014; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1014; Downham (2007) p. 56 fig. 10.
  17. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129.
  18. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1035.5; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1035.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1035.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1035.3; Downham (2013) p. 145; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1035.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1035.5; Downham (2007) pp. 56 fig. 10, 272; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1035.5; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1035.5; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 227–228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Jaski (1997) p. 139 § 1035.5; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  19. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 227–228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Duffy (1992) p. 96.
  20. ↑ Connon (2005); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 227–228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Duffy (1992) p. 96.
  21. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 182; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
  22. ↑ Downham (2013) p. 145.
  23. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1037.4; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1037.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1037.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1037.2; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) p. 182; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.

References

Primary sources

  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd. OL 14712679M – via Internet Archive.
  • "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (23 October 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  • "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  • "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  • "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  • "Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  • "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  • "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (14 May 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  • Murphy, D, ed. (1896). The Annals of Clonmacnoise. Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. OL 7064857M – via Internet Archive.
  • "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (8 February 2016 ed.). University College Cork. 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (6 January 2017 ed.). University College Cork. 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.

Secondary sources

  • Connon, A (2005). "Sitriuc Silkenbeard". In Duffy, S. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 429&ndash, 430. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
  • Downham, C (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
  • Downham, C (2013). "The Historical Importance of Viking-Age Waterford". No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies (series vol. 1). Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 129&ndash, 155. ISBN 978-0-9557720-1-6. ISSN 2051-6509.
  • Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu. 43: 93&ndash, 133. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007421 – via JSTOR. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S. Medieval Dublin. Vol. 7, Proceedings of the Friends of Medieval Dublin Symposium 2005. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 51&ndash, 65. ISBN 1-85182-974-1 – via Google Books.
  • Etchingham, C (2001). "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone". Peritia. 15: 145&ndash, 187. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.434. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
  • Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
  • Hudson, BT (1992). "Cnut and the Scottish Kings". English Historical Review. 107 (423): 350&ndash, 360. doi:10.1093/ehr/CVII.423.350. eISSN 1477-4534. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 575068 – via JSTOR. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0 – via Google Books.
  • Hurley, M (2011). "Waterford's Viking Footprint". Irish Arts Review. 28 (3): 97&ndash, 98. ISSN 1649-217X. JSTOR 23049505 – via JSTOR. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Jaski, B (1997). "Additional Notes to the Annals of Ulster". Ériu. 48: 103&ndash, 152. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007959 – via JSTOR. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Wilson, A (2014). "The Vikings in Munster". In Birkett, T; Lee, C. The Vikings in Munster (PDF). Languages, Myths and Finds (series vol. 3). Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham. pp. 20&ndash, 32. ISBN 9780853583004.

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