Puduḫepa

Puduhepa
Puduhepa
	The figure on the right is queen Puduḫepa
Other names	Tawananna
Title	Queen of the Hittites
Spouse(s)	King Hattusili III
Children	Tudhaliya IV; Maathorneferure; Kiluš-Ḫepa
Parent(s)	Bentepsharri

Puduḫepa (fl. 13th century BCE) was a Hittite queen married to the King Hattusili III. She has been referred to as "one of the most influential women known from the Ancient Near East."^[1]^[2]^[3]

Biography

Early life and marriage

Puduḫepa was born at the beginning of the 13th century BCE in the city of Lawazantiya in Kizzuwatna (i.e. Cilicia, a region south of the Hittite kingdom). Her father Bentepsharri was the head priest of the tutelary divinity of the city, Ishtar, and Puduḫepa grew up to exercise the function of priestess of this same goddess.

On his return from the Battle of Kadesh, the Hittite general Hattusili met Puduḫepa and, it was said, Ishtar instructed him to take her as his wife. She went with him then to the kingdom of Hapissa. When her spouse successfully rose to the Hittite throne by defeating his nephew Mursili III, Puduḫepa became a queen.

Reign

Puduḫepa had an important role in the Hittite court and international diplomacy of the period. She would appear constantly by the side of her husband as he made his rulings and decisions. It appears, however, that she was portrayed reigning hand in hand with her husband rather than subservient to the king.^[4]^[5]

She played an important role in diplomacy with Ancient Egypt. Puduḫepa communicated several times with the king of Egypt Ramesses II as he signed a peace treaty with Hattusili, in which Hattusili agrees that two of his daughters should go to Egypt to marry Ramesses.

A diplomatic marriage between King Kadashman-Enlil II of Babylonia may have been in the offing with Puduḫepa matchmaking Kadashman-Enlil’s betrothal to one of her daughters.^[6]

A princess of Babylon was married into the Hittite royal family. This would have been a daughter or sister of King Kudur-Enlil and the news elicited contempt from Ramesses II, who apparently no longer regarded Babylon as politically significant. Puduḫepa replied in a letter,^[7] ‘If you say "The king of Babylon is not a Great King," then you do not know the status of Babylon.’^[8]

After the death of Hattusili, the role of Puduḫepa expanded under the reign of her son Tudhaliya IV, under the title of goddess-queen. She was involved in judicial matters to the point of intervening in legal cases. She was also a priestess who worked on organising and rationalising Hittite religion.^[9]

Her daughters were Queen Maathorneferure^[10] of Egypt and Princess Kiluš-Ḫepa.^[11]

Nefertari (depicted here at Luxor) sent gifts to Puduḫepa.

Nefertari and Puduḫepa

Queen Nefertari of Egypt sent gifts to Puduḫepa:

The great Queen Naptera (Nefertari) of the land of Egypt speaks thus: ʻSpeak to my sister Puduḫepa, the Great Queen of the Hatti land. I, your sister, (also) be well!! May your country be well. Now, I have learned that you, my sister, have written to me asking after my health. You have written to me because of the good friendship and brotherly relationship between your brother, the king of Egypt, The Great and the Storm God will bring about peace, and he will make the brotherly relationship between the Egyptian king, the Great King, and his brother, the Hatti King, the Great King, last for ever... See, I have sent you a gift, in order to greet you, my sister... for your neck (a necklace) of pure gold, composed of 12 bands and weighing 88 shekels, coloured linen maklalu-material, for one royal dress for the king... A total of 12 linen garments.’^[12]^[13]^[14]

Sources

↑ Journal of the American Oriental Society
↑ Darga, Muhibbe. Women in the Historical Ages. In Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993, page 30.
↑ Letter from Ramses II of Egypt to Puduḫepa, from Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993.
↑ Reign of Hattusili III Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Ortega Balanza, Marta (2009). El poder de las mujeres de la realeza hitita en el impero nuevo: Puduhepa. Mizar.
↑ Tablets KUB 21:38 to Kudur-Enlil and KUB 26.88 to Kadašman-Enlil or Kadašman-Turgu.
↑ KUB 21.38: letter from Pudu-Ḫepa.
↑ Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 297–298.
↑ The Kingdom of the Hittites by Trevor Bryce, pages 286-289
↑ J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three, § 415ff.
↑ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-5000-51283.
↑ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3
↑ Kitchen, Kenneth A., Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, The King of Egypt, Aris & Phillips. 1983 ISBN 978-0-85668-215-5
↑ WEIDNER 1917, 78; FRIEDRICH 1925, 23; Ün 1989, 3-6 , via Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine.

External links

Queen Puduḫepa

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[15] Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).

[16] Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).

[bryce139-17] 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 139.

[18] The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).

[19] Bryce (1997), p. 158.

[20] Bryce (1997), p. 172.

[bryce174-21] 1 2 3 4 Bryce (1997), p. 174.

[bryce168-22] 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 168.

[23] Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).

[24] ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).

[carch-25] 1 2 3 4 King (lugal) of Carchemish.

[26] Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.

[27] Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).

[28] Bryce (1997), p. 227.

[bryce230-29] 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 230.

[30] Bryce (1997), p. 220.

[31] Bryce (1997), p. 222.

[32] Haas (2006), p. 91.

[33] Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).

[bryce296-34] Bryce (1997), p. 296.

[35] Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).

[36] Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.

[37] King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).

[38] Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).

[39] Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.

[40] Bryce (1997), p. 332.

[41] Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).

[bryce363-42] Bryce (1997), p. 363.

[43] Great King of Tarhuntassa; son of Mursili, the Great King, who is likely identical with Mursili III/Urhi-Tesub (Bryce 2012, p. 21 f.).

[bryce361-44] 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 361.

[45] Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.

[46] King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

[1] Journal of the American Oriental Society

[2] Darga, Muhibbe. Women in the Historical Ages. In Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993, page 30.

[3] Letter from Ramses II of Egypt to Puduḫepa, from Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993.

[4] Reign of Hattusili III Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine.

[5] Ortega Balanza, Marta (2009). El poder de las mujeres de la realeza hitita en el impero nuevo: Puduhepa. Mizar.

[6] Tablets KUB 21:38 to Kudur-Enlil and KUB 26.88 to Kadašman-Enlil or Kadašman-Turgu.

[7] KUB 21.38: letter from Pudu-Ḫepa.

[8] Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 297–298.

[9] The Kingdom of the Hittites by Trevor Bryce, pages 286-289

[10] J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three, § 415ff.

[11] Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-5000-51283.

[12] Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3

[13] Kitchen, Kenneth A., Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, The King of Egypt, Aris & Phillips. 1983 ISBN 978-0-85668-215-5

[14] WEIDNER 1917, 78; FRIEDRICH 1925, 23; Ün 1989, 3-6 , via Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine.