Psilotaceae

Psilotaceae
Closeup of Psilotum nudum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Pteridophyta
Class:Psilotopsida
Order:Psilotales
Prantl
Family:Psilotaceae
J.W. Griff. & Henfr.
Genera

Psilotaceae is a family of Pteridophyta (in order Psilotales) consisting of two genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris with a dozen species.[1]

Description

The first genus, Psilotum, consists of small shrubby plants of the dry tropics commonly known as "Whisk ferns". The other genus, Tmesipteris, is an epiphyte found in Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Once thought to be descendants of the first vascular plants (the Psilophyta of the Devonian period), they have been shown by molecular phylogenetics to be ferns, a sister group of the Ophioglossaceae.

All Psilotaceae share a few characteristics. They are vascular plants and they lack leaves, having instead small outgrowths called enations. The enations are not considered true leaves because there is only a vascular bundle just underneath them, but not inside, as in leaves. Psilotales also do not have true roots. They are anchored by rhizoids. Absorption is aided by symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.

Three sporangia are united into a synangium, which is considered to be a very reduced series of branches. There is a thick tapetum to nourish the developing spores, as is typical of eusporangiate plants. The gametophyte looks like a small piece of subterranean stem, but produces antheridia and archegonia.

Classification

In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Psilotales, containing the single family Psilotaceae comprising Psilotum and Tmesipteris, was placed with the order Ophioglossales in the class Psilotopsida.[2] The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009)[3] which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida,[4] made it a member of subclass Ophioglossidae, equivalent to Smith's Psilotopsida.[3] The placement of Psilotales in subclass Ophioglossidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014)[5] and PPG I (2016).[6]

In the past Tmesipteris has been placed in its own family, Tmesipteridaceae,[7] but this has not been maintained in the system of Smith et al. and later classifications.

References

  1. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  2. ↑ Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (August 2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646.
  3. 1 2 Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (18 February 2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54.
  4. ↑ Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (October 2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x.
  5. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Chase, Mark W. (13 February 2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (4): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591.
  6. ↑ The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
  7. ↑ K. U. Kramer (1990). "Psilotaceae". In Kramer, K. U.; Green, P. S. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. I. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 22. ISBN 3-540-51794-4.
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