Predatory open-access publishing

Predatory open-access publishing is an exploitative open-access academic publishing business model that involves charging publication fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate journals (open access or not). The idea that they are "predatory" is based on the view that academics are tricked into publishing with them, though some authors may be aware that the journal is poor quality or even fraudulent.[lower-alpha 1] New scholars from developing countries are said to be especially at risk of being misled by predatory practices.[2][3]

"Beall's List", a report that was regularly updated by Jeffrey Beall of the University of Colorado until January 2017, set forth criteria for categorizing publications as predatory.[4] The list was taken offline by the author in January 2017.[5][lower-alpha 2] A demand by Frontiers Media to open a misconduct case against Beall was reported as the reason Beall closed the list. An investigation by the university was closed with no findings.[6][7]

History

In March 2008, Gunther Eysenbach, publisher of an early open access journal, drew attention to what he called "black sheep among open access publishers and journals"[8] and highlighted in his blog publishers and journals which resorted to excessive spam to attract authors and editors, criticizing in particular Bentham, Dove Medical Press, and Libertas Academica. In July 2008, Richard Poynder's interview series brought attention to the practices of new publishers who were "better able to exploit the opportunities of the new environment."[9] Doubts about honesty and scams in a subset of open-access journals continued to be raised in 2009.[10][11] Concerns for spamming practices from the "black sheep among open access journals and publishers" ushered the leading open access publishers to create the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association in 2008.[12] In another early precedent, in 2009 the Improbable Research blog had found that Scientific Research Publishing's journals duplicated papers already published elsewhere;[13] the case was subsequently reported in Nature.[14] In 2010, Cornell University graduate student Phil Davis (editor of the Scholarly Kitchen blog) submitted a manuscript consisting of computer-generated nonsense (using SCIgen) which was accepted for a fee (but withdrawn by the author).[15] Predatory publishers have been reported to hold submissions hostage, refusing to allow them to be withdrawn and thereby preventing submission in another journal.[16][17]

On 25 August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a lawsuit against the OMICS Group, iMedPub, Conference Series, and the individual Srinubabu Gedela, an Indian national who is president of the companies.[18] In the lawsuit, the defendants are accused of "deceiving academics and researchers about the nature of its publications and hiding publication fees ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars".[19] The FTC was also responding to pressure to take action against predatory publishers.[20] Attorneys for the OMICS Group published a response on their website, claiming "your FTC allegations are baseless. Further we understand that FTC working towards favoring some subscription based journals publishers who are earring [sic] Billions of dollars rom [sic] scientists literature," suggesting that corporations in the scientific publishing business were behind the allegations.[18]

Bohannon's experiment

In 2013, John Bohannon, a staff writer for the journal Science and for popular science publications, targeted the open access system by submitting to a number of such journals a deeply flawed paper on the purported effect of a lichen constituent, and published the results in a paper called, "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". About 60% of those journals, including the Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals, accepted the faked medical paper, and 40%, including the most established one, PLOS ONE, rejected it.[21]

'Dr Fraud' experiment

In 2015, four researchers created a fictitious sub-par scientist named Anna O. Szust (oszust is Polish for "fraud" [person]), and applied on her behalf for an editor position to 360 scholarly journals. Szust's qualifications were dismal for the role of an editor; she had never published a single article and had no editorial experience. The books and book chapters listed on her CV were made-up, as were the publishing houses that published the books.

One-third of the journals to which Szust applied were sampled from Beall's List of 'predatory' journals. Forty of these predatory journals accepted Szust as editor without any background vetting and often within days or even hours. By comparison, she received minimal to no positive response from the "control" journals which "must meet certain standards of quality, including ethical publishing practices."[22] Among journals sampled from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), 8 of 120 accepted Szust. The DOAJ has since removed some (but not all) of the affected journals in a recent purge. None of the 120 sampled journals listed in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) offered Szust the position.

The results of the experiment were published in Nature in March 2017,[23] and widely presented in the press.[24][25][26]

SCIgen experiments

SCIgen, a computer program that randomly generates academic computer science papers using context-free grammar, has generated papers that have been accepted by a number of predatory journals as well as predatory conferences.

Characteristics

Complaints that are associated with predatory open-access publishing include

  • Accepting articles quickly with little or no peer review or quality control,[27] including hoax and nonsensical papers.[15][28][29]
  • Notifying academics of article fees only after papers are accepted.[27]
  • Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit articles or serve on editorial boards.[30]
  • Listing academics as members of editorial boards without their permission,[4][31] and not allowing academics to resign from editorial boards.[4][32]
  • Appointing fake academics to editorial boards.[33]
  • Mimicking the name or web site style of more established journals.[32]
  • Making misleading claims about the publishing operation, such as a false location.[4]
  • Using ISSNs[4] improperly.
  • Citing fake[34][35] or non-existent impact factors.

Growth and structure

Predatory journals have rapidly increased their publication volumes from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 articles in 2014, published by around 8,000 active journals.[36][37] Early on, publishers with more than 100 journals dominated the market, but since 2012 publishers in the 10–99 journal size category have captured the largest market share. The regional distribution of both the publisher's country and authorship is highly skewed, with three-quarters of authors hailing from Asia or Africa.[36] Authors paid an average fee of 178 USD per article for articles typically published within 2 to 3 months of submission.[36]

Response

Beall's list

Jeffrey Beall

University of Colorado Denver librarian and researcher Jeffrey Beall, who coined the term "predatory publishing", first published his list of predatory publishers in 2010.[30] Beall's list of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers attempted to identify scholarly open access publishers with questionable practices.[38] In 2013, Nature reported that Beall's list and web site were "widely read by librarians, researchers, and open-access advocates, many of whom applaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices."[30] Others have raised the objection that "(w)hether it's fair to classify all these journals and publishers as 'predatory' is an open question—several shades of gray may be distinguishable."[39]

Beall's analyses have been called sweeping generalizations with no supporting evidence,[40] and he has also been criticized for being biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries.[41] One librarian wrote that Beall's list "attempts a binary division of this complex gold rush: the good and the bad. Yet many of the criteria used are either impossible to quantify..., or can be found to apply as often to established OA journals as to the new entrants in this area... Some of the criteria seem to make First World assumptions that aren't valid worldwide."[42] Beall differed with these opinions and wrote a letter of rebuttal in mid-2015.[43]

Following the Who's Afraid of Peer Review? investigation, the DOAJ has tightened up its inclusion criteria, with the purpose of serving as a whitelist, very much like Beall's has been a blacklist.[44] The investigation found that "the results show that Beall is good at spotting publishers with poor quality control."[45] However, the managing director of DOAJ, Lars Bjørnshauge, estimates that questionable publishing probably accounts for fewer than 1% of all author-pays, open-access papers, a proportion far lower than Beall's estimate of 5-10%. Instead of relying on blacklists, Bjørnshauge argues that open-access associations such as the DOAJ and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association should adopt more responsibility for policing publishers: they should lay out a set of criteria that publishers and journals must comply with to win a place on a 'white list' indicating that they are trustworthy.[46]

Beall has been threatened with a lawsuit by a Canadian publisher which appears on the list. He reports that he has been the subject of online harassment for his work on the subject. His list has been criticized[47] for relying heavily on analysis of publishers' web sites, not engaging directly with publishers, and including newly founded but legitimate journals. Beall has responded to these complaints by posting the criteria he uses to generate the list, as well as instituting an anonymous three-person review body to which publishers can appeal to be removed from the list.[30] For example, a 2010 re-evaluation resulted in some journals being removed from Beall's list.[48]

In 2013, the OMICS Publishing Group threatened to sue Beall for $1 billion for his "ridiculous, baseless, [and] impertinent" inclusion of them on his list, which "smacks of literal unprofessionalism and arrogance".[49] An unedited sentence from the letter read: "Let us at the outset warn you that this is a very perilous journey for you and you will be completely exposing yourself to serious legal implications including criminal cases lunched against you in INDIA and USA."[50] Beall responded that the letter was "poorly written and personally threatening" and expressed his opinion that the letter "is an attempt to detract from the enormity of OMICS's editorial practices".[51] OMICS' lawyers stated that damages were being pursued under section 66A of India's Information Technology Act, 2000, which makes it illegal to use a computer to publish "any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character" or to publish false information.[52] The letter stated that three years in prison was a possible penalty, although a U.S. lawyer said that the threats seemed to be a "publicity stunt" that was meant to "intimidate".[49] Section 66A has been criticised in an India Today editorial for its potential for misuse in "stifling political dissent, crushing speech and ... enabling bullying".[52] Beall could have been sued for defamation, and would not have been able to fall back on truth as a final defense; under section 66A, the truth of any information is irrelevant if it is grossly offensive.[52]

In an unrelated case in 2015, Section 66A was struck down by the Supreme Court of India, which found that it had no proximate connection to public order, "arbitrarily, excessively and disproportionately invades the right of free speech," and that the description of offences is "open-ended, undefined and vague."[53] As such, it is not possible for the OMICS Group to proceed against Beall under section 66A, but it could mount a defamation case. Finally, in August 2016, OMICS was sued for "deceptive business practices related to journal publishing and scientific conferences" by the Federal Trade Commission (a US government agency), who won an initial court ruling in November 2017.[54]

Beall's list was used as an authoritative source by South Africa's Department of Higher Education and Training in maintaining its list of accredited journals: articles published in those journals will determine funding levels for their authors; however, journals identified as predatory will be removed from this list.[55] ProQuest is reviewing all journals on Beall's list, and has started removing them from the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences.[55]

In January 2017, Beall shut down his blog and removed all its content, citing pressure from his employer.[56] Beall's supervisor wrote a response stating that he did not pressure Beall to discontinue his work, or threaten his employment; and had tried hard to support Beall's academic freedom.[57]

In 2017, Ramzi Hakami reported on his own successful attempt to get an intentionally poor paper accepted by a publisher on the list and referenced a resurrected version of Beall's list. This version includes Beall's original list and updates by an anonymous purported "postdoctoral researcher in one of the [E]uropean universities [who has] a hands-on experience with predatory journals."[58][59]

Cabells' lists

At the May 2017 meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Cabell's International, a company that offers scholarly publishing analytics and other scholarly services, announced that it intended to launch a blacklist of predatory journals (not publishers) in June, and said that access would be by subscription only.[60] The company had started work on its blacklist criteria in early 2016.[61] In July 2017, both a black list and a white list were offered for subscription on their website.[62][63]

Other lists

Since Beall's list closed, other list groups have started,[64] including CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre and an anonymous group at Stop Predatory Journals.[64][65]

Other efforts

More transparent peer review, such as open peer review and post-publication peer review, has been advocated to combat predatory journals.[66] Others have argued instead that the discussion on predatory journals should not be turned "into a debate over the shortcomings of peer review—it is nothing of the sort. It is about fraud, deception, and irresponsibility..."[67]

In an effort to "set apart legitimate journals and publishers from non-legitimate ones", principles of transparency and best practice have been identified and issued collectively by the Committee on Publication Ethics, the DOAJ, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, and the World Association of Medical Editors.[68] Various journal review websites (crowd-sourced or expert-run) have been started, some focusing on the quality of the peer review process and extending to non-OA publications.[69][70] A group of libraries and publishers launched an awareness campaign.[71][72]

A number of measures have been suggested to further combat predatory journals. Others have called on research institutions to improve the publication literacy notably among junior researchers in developing countries.[73] Some organisations have also developed criteria in which predatory publishers could be spotted through providing tips that include avoiding fast publishers[74]

As Beall has ascribed predatory publishing to a consequence of gold open access (particularly its author-pays variant),[75] one researcher has argued for platinum open access, where the absence of article processing charges removes the publisher's conflict of interest in accepting article submissions.[76] More objective discriminating metrics[77] have been proposed, such as a "predatory score"[78] and positive and negative journal quality indicators.[79] Others have encouraged authors to consult subject-area expert-reviewed journal listings, such as the Directory of Nursing Journals, vetted by the International Academy of Nursing Editors and its collaborators.[80] It has been argued that the incentives for fraud need to be removed.[81]

Bioethicist Arthur Caplan has warned that predatory publishing, fabricated data, and academic plagiarism erodes public confidence in the medical profession, devalues legitimate science, and undermines public support for evidence-based policy.[82]

In 2015, Rick Anderson, associate dean in the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, challenged the term itself: "what do we mean when we say 'predatory,' and is that term even still useful?... This question has become relevant because of that common refrain heard among Beall's critics: that he only examines one kind of predation—the kind that naturally crops up in the context of author-pays OA." Anderson suggests that the term "predatory" be retired in the context of scholarly publishing. "It's a nice, attention-grabbing word, but I'm not sure it's helpfully descriptive... it generates more heat than light."[83] A 2017 article in The New York Times suggests that a significant number of academics are "eager" to publish their work in these journals, making the relationship more a "new and ugly symbiosis" than a case of scholars being exploited by "predators".[84]

Similarly, a study published in January 2018 found that "Scholars in the developing world felt that reputable Western journals might be prejudiced against them and sometimes felt more comfortable publishing in journals from the developing world. Other scholars were unaware of the reputation of the journals in which they published and would not have selected them had they known. However, some scholars said they would still have published in the same journals if their institution recognised them. The pressure to 'publish or perish' was another factor influencing many scholars' decisions to publish in these fast-turnaround journals. In some cases, researchers did not have adequate guidance and felt they lacked the knowledge of research to submit to a more reputable journal."[85]

Scholars from developed countries are not immune to the problem.[86]


See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Gina Kolata (The New York Times, 30 October 2017): "These publications often are called predatory journals, on the assumption that well-meaning academics are duped into working with them – tricked by flattering emails from the journals inviting them to submit a paper or fooled by a name that sounded like a journal they knew.
    "But it's increasingly clear that many academics know exactly what they're getting into, which explains why these journals have proliferated despite wide criticism. The relationship is less predator and prey, some experts say, than a new and ugly symbiosis."[1]
  2. ↑ The list had 1155 entries as of 31 December 2016.

References

  1. ↑ Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). "Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals" Archived 5 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times.
  2. ↑ Kearney, Margaret H. (2015). "Predatory Publishing: What Authors Need to Know". Research in Nursing & Health. 38 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1002/nur.21640. PMID 25545343.
  3. ↑ Xia, Jingfeng; Harmon, Jennifer L.; Connolly, Kevin G.; Donnelly, Ryan M.; Anderson, Mary R.; Howard, Heather A. (2014). "Who publishes in "predatory" journals?". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 66 (7): 1406–1417. doi:10.1002/asi.23265. hdl:1805/9740.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Elliott, Carl (5 June 2012). "On Predatory Publishers: a Q&A With Jeffrey Beall". Brainstorm. The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  5. ↑ Silver, Andrew (18 January 2017). "Controversial website that lists 'predatory' publishers shuts down". Nature. Nature Publishing.
  6. ↑ Paul Basken (12 September 2017). "Why Beall's List Died – and What It Left Unresolved About Open Access". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  7. ↑ Paul Basken (22 September 2017). "Why Beall's blacklist of predatory journals died". University World News.
  8. ↑ Eysenbach, Gunther. "Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers". Random Research Rants.
  9. ↑ Poynder, Richard. "The Open Access Interviews: Dove Medical Press". Open and Shut?. Retrieved 13 April 2016. For the series of interviews, see The Open Access Interviews Archived 1 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. index page.
  10. ↑ Suber, Peter (2 October 2009). "Ten challenges for open-access journals". SPARC Open Access Newsletter (138).
  11. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey (2009), "Bentham Open", The Charleston Advisor, Volume 11, Number 1, July 2009, pp. 29-32(4)
  12. ↑ Eysenbach, Gunther. Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. Originally posted 2008-03-08, updated (postscript added) 2008-04-21, 2008-04-23, 3 June 2008. Archived 29 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2008-06-03. (Archived by WebCite at )
  13. ↑ Abrahams, Marc (22 December 2009). "Strange academic journals: Scam?". Improbable Research. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  14. ↑ Sanderson, Katharine (13 January 2010). "Two new journals copy the old". Nature News. 463 (7278): 148. doi:10.1038/463148a. PMID 20075892. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  15. 1 2 Basken, Paul (10 June 2009). "Open-Access Publisher Appears to Have Accepted Fake Paper From Bogus Center". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  16. ↑ McCook, Alison (26 August 2016). "U.S. government agency sues publisher, charging it with deceiving researchers". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  17. ↑ Molteni, Megan (19 September 2016). "The FTC is Cracking Down on Predatory Science Journals". Wired. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  18. 1 2 "FTC sues OMICS group: Are predatory publishers' days numbered?". STAT. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Shanka, David. "COMPLAINT FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION AND OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF" (PDF). Case 2:16-cv-02022. United States District Court Nevada. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
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  21. ↑ John Bohannon (Oct 2013). "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". Science. 342 (6154): 60–5. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID 24092725. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  22. ↑ Sorokowski, Piotr (22 March 2017). "Predatory journals recruit fake editor". Nature.
  23. ↑ Sorokowski, Piotr; Kulczycki, Emanuel; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Pisanski, Katarzyna (23 March 2017). "Predatory journals recruit fake editor". Nature. 543 (7646): 481–483. doi:10.1038/543481a. PMID 28332542. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  24. ↑ Kluger, Jeffrey. "Dozens of Scientific Journals Offered Her a Job. But She Didn't Exist". Time. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  25. ↑ Kolata, Gina. "A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on 'Predatory' Journals". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  26. ↑ Burdick, Alan. "A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on 'Predatory' Journals". The New Yorker. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  27. 1 2 Stratford, Michael (4 March 2012). "'Predatory' Online Journals Lure Scholars Who Are Eager to Publish". The Chronicle of Higher Education. (subscription required)
  28. ↑ Gilbert, Natasha (15 June 2009). "Editor will quit over hoax paper". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2009.571.
  29. ↑ Safi, Michael (25 November 2014), "Journal accepts bogus paper requesting removal from mailing list", The Guardian .
  30. 1 2 3 4 Butler, Declan (27 March 2013). "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing". Nature. 495 (7442): 433–435. Bibcode:2013Natur.495..433B. doi:10.1038/495433a. PMID 23538810.
  31. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey (1 August 2012). "Predatory Publishing". The Scientist.
  32. 1 2 Kolata, Gina (7 April 2013). "For Scientists, an Exploding World of Pseudo-Academia". The New York Times.
  33. ↑ Neumann, Ralf (2 February 2012). "Junk Journals" und die "Peter-Panne". Laborjournal.
  34. ↑ Jeffrey Beall (11 February 2014). "Bogus New Impact Factor Appears". Scholarly Open Access. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
  35. ↑ Mehrdad Jalalian; Hamidreza Mahboobi (2013). "New corruption detected: Bogus impact factors compiled by fake organizations" (PDF). Electronic Physician. 5 (3): 685–686.
  36. 1 2 3 Shen, Cenyu; Björk, Bo-Christer (1 October 2015). "'Predatory' open access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics". BMC Medicine. 13 (1): 230. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 4589914. PMID 26423063. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  37. ↑ Carl Straumsheim (October 2015). "Study finds huge increase in articles published by 'predatory' journals". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  38. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey. "List of Publishers". Scholarly Open Access. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  39. ↑ Haug, C. (2013). "The Downside of Open-Access Publishing". New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (9): 791–793. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1214750. PMID 23445091.
  40. ↑ Bivens-Tatum, Wayne (2014). "Reactionary Rhetoric Against Open Access Publishing". tripleC. 12 (2): 441–446.
  41. ↑ Berger, Monica & Cirasella, Jill (March 2015). "Beyond Beall's List". College & Research Libraries News. pp. 132–135. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Coyle, Karen (4 April 2013). "Predatory Publishers – Peer to Peer Review". Library Journal.
  43. ↑ Monica Berger & Jill Cirasella. "Response to "Beyond Beall's List"".
  44. ↑ Van Noorden, R. (2014). "Open-access website gets tough". Nature. 512 (7512): 17. Bibcode:2014Natur.512...17V. doi:10.1038/512017a. PMID 25100463.
  45. ↑ Bohannon, J (4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?". Science. 342 (6154): 60–65. Bibcode:2013Sci...342...60B. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID 24092725.
  46. ↑ Butler, D (2013). "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing". Nature. 495 (7442): 433–435. Bibcode:2013Natur.495..433B. doi:10.1038/495433a. PMID 23538810.
  47. ↑ Walt Crawford, (July 2014), "Journals, 'Journals' and Wannabes: Investigating The List Archived 2014-10-31 at the Wayback Machine.", Cites & Insights, 14:7, ISSN 1534-0937
  48. ↑ Butler, Declan (2013). "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing". Nature. 495 (7442): 433–435. Bibcode:2013Natur.495..433B. doi:10.1038/495433a. PMID 23538810.
  49. 1 2 New, Jake (15 May 2013). "Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $1-Billion". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
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  51. ↑ Chappell, Bill (15 May 2013). "Publisher Threatens Librarian With $1 Billion Lawsuit". NPR. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  52. 1 2 3 Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (19 May 2013). "Send Section 66A bullies home". India Today. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
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  54. ↑ Retraction Watch (22 November 2017). "US court issues injunction against OMICS to stop 'deceptive practices'". Retraction Watch. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017.
  55. 1 2 "Accredited Journals". Stellenbosch University.
  56. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey (2017). "What I learned from predatory publishers" (PDF). Biochemia Medica. 27 (2): 273–278. doi:10.11613/bm.2017.029. PMC 5493177. PMID 28694718. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
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  58. ↑ Hakami, Ramzi (2017). "Predatory Journals: Write, Submit, and Publish the Next Day". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (5): 32–33.
  59. ↑ "Beall's List of Predatory Journals and Publishers". Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  60. ↑ Silver, Andrew (31 May 2017). "Pay-to-view blacklist of predatory journals set to launch". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22090.
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  73. ↑ Clark, J.; Smith, R. (2015). "Firm action needed on predatory journals". BMJ. 350: h210. doi:10.1136/bmj.h210. PMID 25596387.
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  75. ↑ Beall, J. (2013). "Predatory publishing is just one of the consequences of gold open access". Learned Publishing. 26 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1087/20130203. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
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  80. ↑ "Predatory Publishers: What Editors Need to Know." Nurse Author & Editor, September 2014. . Republished as open access in: INANE "Predatory Publishing Practices" Collaborative (2014). "Predatory Publishing". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 59 (6): 569–571. doi:10.1111/jmwh.12273. PMID 25389116.
  81. ↑ Wehrmeijer, M (27 August 2014). Exposing the predators. Methods to stop predatory journals (Master's). Leiden University.
  82. ↑ Caplan, Arthur L. (2015). "The Problem of Publication-Pollution Denialism". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (5): 565–566. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.017. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 25847132.
  83. ↑ Anderson, Rick (11 May 2015). "Should We Retire the Term 'Predatory Publishing'?". The Scholarly Kitchen. Society for Scholarly Publishing. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  84. ↑ Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). "Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  85. ↑ Kurt, Serhat (2018). "Why do authors publish in predatory journals?". Learned Publishing. 31 (2): 141–7. doi:10.1002/leap.1150.
  86. ↑ "A walk on the wild side: 'Predatory' journals and information asymmetries in scientific evaluations". Research Policy. 2018-04-26. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.013. ISSN 0048-7333.
  • "Beall's List of Predatory Journals". Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  • "Beall's List of Predatory Publishers". Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  • Updated Beall's List of Predatory Journals maintained by an anonymous postdoctoral European researcher
  • Updated Beall's List of Predatory Publishers maintained by an anonymous postdoctoral European researcher
  • List at predatory journals
  • List of predatory publishers
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