Potosi pupfish

Cyprinodon alvarezi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Actinopterygii
Order:Cyprinodontiformes
Family:Cyprinodontidae
Genus:Cyprinodon
Species: C. alvarezi
Binomial name
Cyprinodon alvarezi

Potosi pupfish (Cyprinodon alvarezi) is a species of fish in the Cyprinodontidae family. It is endemic to Mexico, but is now extinct in the wild, only surviving in captivity.[1]

Distribution

The Potosi pupfish is endemic to an isolated spring known as Ojo de Potosi near El Potosi, a settlement in southwestern Nuevo Leon state in Mexico.[2] However, the species is now regarded as being extinct in the wild, and is represented only by captive populations.[1]

Habitat and extinction in the wild

The Potosi pupfish is endemic to a clear spring-fed pool in an endorheic basin known as 'La Hediondilla' near the foot of Cerro Potosi. The pool had a maximum depth of 2.5 meters, and surface area of 10,000 m2, covered by abundant vegetation including Ceratophyllum, Najas, Nasturtium, and Utricularia. Sparse clumps of Typha and Scirpus were also present in the spring. A large earthen and rock dam enlarged the original pool, and a series of seeps and secondary outflows created distributaries that ran 1-1.5 km downstream. The Potosi pupfish shared the pools with the Catarina pupfish (Megupsilon aporus) and the crayfish Cambarellus alvarezi, which both are fully extinct.[3][4] In addition, the introduced goldfish (Carassius auratus) had sustained a small population from its introduction (which may have occurred before 1961), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),[2] which had become common in the deeper central pond, with some individuals growing to 30 cm in total length. No large individuals of the endemic species were found, and populations had declined precipitously. From 1968 to 1983 the ecosystem remained relatively stable, with water levels fluctuating 0.2-0.3 meters, and losing 10% of the pond's surface area. By 1984, the water level had dropped 1.5 meters, and the pond had lost 90% of its former surface area. On October 26, 1985, the water level dropped another 0.3 meters, and by the next summer no water was left in the pool or reservoir, limiting the distribution of the cyprinodontids and the crustacean to the small side springs downstream from the former pond.[2] In conclusion, the species had become extinct in the wild due to invasive species and habitat alteration. Potosi pupfish are maintained in aquariums in both North America and Europe, and can be used as a basis for reintroducing it back into the wild in the future.[3]

Description

Fin of nuptial male is white, milky or bluish white, the terminal black caudal fin bar is broad (wider than the pupil). Dorsal and anal fin of nuptial male has milky white edge, pelvic is bluish. Pectoral fins are grey-black.[5] The interradial membranes of the rest of the caudal fin is immaculate in both sexes. Nuptial males are typically without vertical bars. Both sexes possess a long mandible and prominent lower jaw and reduced pelvic fins.[6] Mature individuals are typically 50-60 mm in standard length.[5]

Details on the number and presence of various characteristics of the Potosi pupfish, as collected by R.R. Miller:[6]

Feature Number/Presence
Lateral scales 24-26 (typically 25)
Gill-rakers 16-20 (typically 17-19)
Vertebrae 26-27 (predominantly 26)
Mandibular pores 2
Branchiostegal rays 5-6
Scales around Caudal Peduncle 14-16 (typically 16)
Scales around body 30-34 (typically 32)
Lacrimal pores 2-5 (typically 4)
Dorsal-fin ocellus Well developed in female/juvenile, males of <37mm (SL) may have remnants
Fin rays:
  1. Dorsal
  2. Anal
  3. Pectoral
  4. Pelvic
  5. Caudal
  1. 10-12 (usually 10-11)
  2. 9-11 (usually 10)
  3. 13-17 (usually 15 or 16)
  4. 5-7 (usually 6)
  5. 16-20 (usually 17-19)
Scales:
  1. Lateral
  2. Dorsal-anal
  1. 24-26 (usually 25)
  2. 10-12 (usually 11-12)

Care and maintenance in captivity

The Potosi pupfish continues to exist solely in captivity, so maintaining captive populations is imperative to the continued existence of the species.

The minimum base dimensions for an aquarium in which a pair of pupfish can be held are 60 x 30 cm, however, as for most Cyprinodon species, it is best to maintain a group in a larger aquarium. the Potosi pupfish prefers an aquarium with ample cover in the form of aquatic plants, and fine-grade wool mops. Ideal filtration consists of an air powered sponge-type unit to prevent the injury of fry. Lighting is not imperative to the maintenance of the aquarium, but sufficient lighting should be provided to encourage the growth of filamentous algae. Potosi pupfish are best kept separate from other species if breeding is desired, but can potentially be kept in a community aquarium. Males are able to be kept together, but to prevent sparring (which is common among nuptial males), they can be separated. Water hardness should be kept between 179-357 ppm, pH between 7-8, and temperature from 17-26°C[5] Aquarium heaters are not required in most regions as standard room temperature (21°C) falls within the temperature guidelines for this species.

Etymology

The Potosi pupfish's scientific name Cyprinodon alvarezi honours Jose Alvarez del Villar who had originally intended to describe the species, but had handed over to R.R. Miller the specimen he had collected in 1952 and the task of describing it.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 "Cyprinodon alvarezi". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  2. 1 2 3 Contreras Balderas, Salvador; Lozano-Vilano, Lourdes (1996-05-16). "Extinction of most Sandia and Potosí valleys (Nuevo León, Mexico) endemic pupfishes, crayfishes and snails". Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 7.
  3. 1 2 Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción. pp. 72–74, 78–79. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
  4. ↑ "Cambarellus alvarezi". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  5. 1 2 3 "Cyprinodon alvarezi – Potosí Pupfish". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  6. 1 2 3 "Four New Pupfishes From The Genus Cyprinodon, With A Key To The C. Eximius Complex". Bulletin Of The Southern California Bulletin. Volume 75, N. 2: 68–75. August 1976 – via nativefishlab.net/library.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.