Posidonia oceanica

Posidonia oceanica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Order:Alismatales
Family:Posidoniaceae
Genus:Posidonia
Species: P. oceanica
Binomial name
Posidonia oceanica
Posidonia oceanica range

Posidonia oceanica (commonly known as Neptune grass or Mediterranean tapeweed) is a seagrass species that is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It forms large underwater meadows that are an important part of the ecosystem. The fruit is free floating and known in Italy as "the olive of the sea" (l'oliva di mare[2]). Balls of fibrous material from its foliage, known as egagropili, wash up to nearby shorelines.

Description

Ball of fibrous material on shore

Posidonia oceanica is a flowering plant which lives in dense meadows or along channels in the sands of the Mediterranean. It is found at depths from 1–35 metres (3.3–114.8 ft), according to water clarity. Subsurface rhizomes and roots stabilize the plant while erect rhizomes and leaves reduce silt accumulation.

The leaves are ribbon-like, appearing in tufts of 6 or 7, and up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long. Average leaf width is around 10 millimetres (0.39 in). The leaves are bright green, perhaps turning brown with age, and have 13 to 17 parallel veins. The leaf terminus is rounded or sometimes absent because of damage. Leaves are arranged in groups, with older leaves on the outside, longer and differing in form from the younger leaves they surround.

The rhizome type stems are found in two forms: one growing up to 150 centimetres (59 in) beneath the sand and the other rising above the sand. All stems are approximately 10 millimetres (0.39 in) thick and upright in habit. This arrangement of the rhizomes eventually forms a mat; the surface contains the active parts of the plant, whereas the center is a dense network of roots and decomposing stems.

The flowering plant's common name is Neptune grass.[3] In 2006 a huge clonal colony of P. oceanica was discovered south of the island of Ibiza. At 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) across, and estimated at around 100,000 years old,[4] it may be one of the largest and oldest clonal colonies on Earth.[5][6][7]

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile at Naxos, Greece

Range and habitat

Drawing of seabed, showing plants and fish swimming above
Illustration of P. oceanica habitat

This species is found only in the Mediterranean Sea where it is in decline, occupying an area of only about 3% of the basin. This corresponds to a surface area of about 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). Posidonia grows best in clean waters, and its presence is a marker for lack of pollution.[8] The presence of Posidonia can be detected by the masses of decomposing leaves on beaches. Such plant material has been used for composting, but Italian laws prohibit the use of marine algae and plants for this purpose.[9]

Taxonomy

The genus Posidonia is named after Poseidon, the Greek god of the seas, while oceanica refers to its former wide distribution. Carl Linnaeus gave the first botanical description of this species in Systema Naturae, although the genus was then named Zostera. The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) accept the genus as constituting the sole genus in the family Posidoniaceae, which it places in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website concludes that the three families Cymodoceaceae, Posidoniaceae and Ruppiaceae form a monophyletic group.[10] Earlier systems classified this genus in the family Potamogetonaceae or in the family Posidoniaceae but belonging to order Zosterales.

Secondary metabolites

To date 51 natural products have been reported from P. oceanica, including natural phenols, phenylmethane derivatives, phenylethane derivatives, phenylpropane derivatives and their esters, chalkones, flavonols, 5-alpha-cholestanes, and cholest-5-enes. Many of the compounds reported for P. oceanica were, however, not detected by appropriate phytochemical methods and some most probably represent artifacts and are not genuine natural products of P. oceanica.[11]

See also

References

Underwater photo of four clumps of leafy plants
Mattae along a channel
  1. ↑ Pergent, G., Semroud, R., Djellouli, A., Langar, H. & Duarte, C. 2010. Posidonia oceanica. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 9 January 2013.
  2. ↑ "Posidonia oceanica" (PDF) (in Italian). Dopo essere fecondato, in estate fa crescere e maturare il suo frutto, l’oliva di mare (si chiama così perché ha una forma arrotondata).
  3. ↑ "Posidonia oceanis".
  4. ↑ "Portuguese scientists discover world's oldest living organism".
  5. ↑ Ibiza Spotlight (28 May 2006). "Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant". Archived from the original on 27 August 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
  6. ↑ Pearlman, Jonathan (7 February 2012). "'Oldest living thing on earth' discovered". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  7. ↑ Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Duarte, Carlos M.; Diaz-Almela, Elena; Marbà, Núria; Sintes, Tomas; Serrão, Ester A.; Bruun, Hans Henrik. "Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e30454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030454. PMC 3270012. PMID 22312426.
  8. ↑ "Posidonia oceanica: a biological indicator of past and present mercury contamination in the mediterranean sea". Marine Environmental Research. 45: 101–111. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00023-8.
  9. ↑ http://www.tirsavplus.eu/documenti/normativa/D_lgs_75_2010%20normativa_fertilizzanti.pdf
  10. ↑ "Alismatales". Mobot.org. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  11. ↑ Heglmeier, A; Zidorn, C (October 2010). "Secondary metabolites of Posidonia oceanica". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. Amsterdam. 38 (5): 964–70. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.07.001. ISSN 0305-1978.

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