Plasmodium cynomolgi

Plasmodium cynomolgi
Scientific classification
(unranked): SAR
(unranked): Alveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Haemosporida
Family: Plasmodiidae
Genus: Plasmodium
Species: P. cynomolgi
Binomial name
Plasmodium cynomolgi

Plasmodium cynomolgi is a non-human primate parasite which usually been found in the Asian Old World monkeys. This species has been used as a model for human Plasmodium vivax because Plasmodium cynomolgi shares the same life cycle and some important biological features with P. vivax.[1]

Life cycle

Plasmodium cynomolgi has a similar life cycle as P. vivax. The sexual reproduction stage occurs in the mosquito (definitive host), and the asexual reproduction stage occurs in the monkey (intermediate host) in this case. The whole life cycle contains 12 steps:[2]

1. Sporozoites in mosquito’s salivary glands

2. The Sporozoites would infect into human’s blood during mosquito’s feeding.

3. The Sporozoites in the blood would invade the hepatocytes (an important liver cell) and turned into Trophozoites form.

4. The Trophozoites in the hepatocyte would then turned into Meront and undergoes merogony which would burst the hepatocyte cell in order to release the Merozoites into blood.

5. The Merozoites in blood would then invade the RBC (Red Blood Cell) and undergoes the merogony, which would burst the RBC in order to release the Merozoites into blood. This step would have several cycles before the Merozoites turned into Gametocytes.

6. After several cycles from step 5. The Merozoites would invade the RBC and turned into Macro & Micro- Gametocytes.

7. Those Gametocytes in the RBCs would be ingested into mosquitos mid-gut during feeding.

8. The Gametocytes in the mid-gut would either differentiate if it’s Macro (female) or divide and differentiate if it’s Micro (male).

9. The Macro & Micro- Gametes in the mid-gut would undergo fertilization and form into zygote.

10. The zygote in the mid-gut would elongate into Ookinete form.

11. The Ookinete would penetrated epithelium and undergoes meiotic & mitotic division.

12. The Sporozoites would be formed in the oocyst and migrated in hemolmph, which would end up in the salivary gland.

The asexual cycle is usually taken 48 hours to complete which is similar to P. vivax.[3]

Diagnosis

The host red blood would enlarge while the trophozoites grow would have prominence of schuffner’s stippling and pigmentation appeared in the mature trophozoites. The host’s cytoplasm would become amoeboid like and the yellowish brown small granules would appear and scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The effect of the parasite can cause anemia within the host.[3]

Plasmodium cynomolgi is not generally thought to infect humans. However; one case has been recorded wherein a patient was misdiagnosed as infected with P. vivax, though she was actually infected with P. cynomolgi. Due to the similarity of Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium vivax many doctors believe that there have been several undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases Symptoms associated with P. cynomolgi: 1. Continues fever (24 hours cycle) 2. Chills and rigor 3. Cough and cold The symptoms were similar to a flu-like syndrome.[3]

Human case

The first and only known human case was found in a 39 years old Malay woman, from the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. The patient had no malaria infection history, had no uneventful medical history prior to infection, and lived and worked in the malaria free area.[3]

The patient experienced 24-hour cycles of morning fever beginning 10 January 2011 with chills and rigor, cough and cold. She had visited her mother’s house at 6–9 January 2011, before symptoms appeared. Her mother’s house was in a non-endemic area and she had not traveled to any malaria-endemic area before the symptom appeared. Because the symptom is pretty similar as flu, she took two days of patent medicine without any doctor’s treatment. The symptoms had become worse after two weeks, and she chose to attend the hospital on 20 January. The asexual stage plasmodium was diagnosed by a blood film test, and the patient was given a three-day course of oral chloroquine. The patient had been completely discharged one week later. (26 January 2011)[3]

References

  1. "Plasmodium cynomolgi - Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute". www.sanger.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  2. Prevention, CDC - Centers for Disease Control and. "CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Ta, Thuy H.; Hisam, Shamilah; Lanza, Marta; Jiram, Adela I.; Ismail, NorParina; Rubio, José M. (2014-01-01). "First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi". Malaria Journal. 13: 68. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-68. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 3937822. PMID 24564912.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.