Planetary flyby

Plot of Mariner 10 flyby of planet Venus in February 1974.

A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data.[1]

Flybys commonly use gravity assists to "slingshot" a space probe on its journey to its primary objective, but may themselves be used as primary means.

The first flyby of another planet with a functioning spacecraft took place on December 14, 1962, when Mariner 2 zoomed by the planet Venus.[2]

List of planetary flybys

Flyby date Launch date Operator Spacecraft Details Mission result
19 May 1961 12 February 1961 Soviet Union Venera 1 First Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)[3] Failure
14 December 1962 27 August 1962 United States Mariner 2 First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby[4] Success
19 June 1963 1 November 1962 Soviet Union Mars 1 First Mars flyby (contact lost)[5] Failure
19 July 1964 2 April 1964 Soviet Union Zond 1 Venus flyby (contact lost)[6] Failure
15 July 1965 28 November 1964 United States Mariner 4 First successful Mars flyby[7] Success
6 August 1965 30 November 1964 Soviet Union Zond 2 Mars flyby (contact lost)[8] Failure
27 February 1966 12 November 1965 Soviet Union Venera 2 Venus flyby (contact lost)[9] Failure
19 October 1967 14 June 1967 United States Mariner 5 Venus flyby[10] Success
31 July 1969 25 February 1969 United States Mariner 6 Mars flyby[11] Success
5 August 1969 27 March 1969 United States Mariner 7 Mars flyby[12] Success
3 December 1973 3 March 1972 United States Pioneer 10 First Jupiter flyby[13] Success
5 February 1974 4 November 1973 United States Mariner 10 Venus flyby[14] Success
10 February 1974 21 July 1973 Soviet Union Mars 4 Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[15] Failure
9 March 1974 9 August 1973 Soviet Union Mars 7 Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars lander)[16] Failure
12 March 1974 5 August 1973 Soviet Union Mars 6 Mars flyby (flyby succeeded but lander failed)[17] Failure
29 March 1974 4 November 1973 United States Mariner 10 First Mercury flyby[14] Success
21 September 1974 4 November 1973 United States Mariner 10 Mercury flyby[14] Success
3 December 1974 5 April 1973 United States Pioneer 11 Jupiter flyby[18] Success
16 March 1975 4 November 1973 United States Mariner 10 Mercury flyby[14] Success
19 December 1978 14 September 1978 Soviet Union Venera 12 Venus flyby and lander[19] Success
25 December 1978 9 September 1978 Soviet Union Venera 11 Venus flyby and lander[20] Success
5 March 1979 5 September 1977 United States Voyager 1 Jupiter flyby[21] Success
9 July 1979 20 August 1977 United States Voyager 2 Jupiter flyby[22] Success
1 September 1979 5 April 1973 United States Pioneer 11 First Saturn flyby[18] Success
12 November 1980 5 September 1977 United States Voyager 1 Saturn flyby[21] Success
25 August 1981 20 August 1977 United States Voyager 2 Saturn flyby[22] Success
1 March 1982 30 October 1981 Soviet Union Venera 13 Venus flyby and lander[23] Success
5 March 1982 4 November 1981 Soviet Union Venera 14 Venus flyby and lander[24] Success
11 June 1985 15 December 1984 Soviet Union Vega 1 Venus flyby, lander, and first balloon[25] Success
15 June 1985 21 December 1984 Soviet Union Vega 2 Venus flyby, lander, and balloon[26] Success
24 January 1986 20 August 1977 United States Voyager 2 First and only Uranus flyby[22] Success
25 August 1989 20 August 1977 United States Voyager 2 First and only Neptune flyby[22] Success
10 February 1990 13 October 1989 United States Galileo Venus flyby, first of three gravity assists to Jupiter[27] Success
2 July 1990 2 July 1985 European Union Giotto First Earth flyby, gravity assist for extended mission to 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup[28] Success
8 October 1990 13 October 1989 United States Galileo Earth flyby, second of three gravity assists to Jupiter[27] Success
8 January 1992 7 January 1985 Japan Sakigake Earth flyby[29] Success
8 February 1992 6 October 1990 European UnionUnited States Ulysses Jupiter flyby, inclination change gravity assist for solar mission[30] Success
8 December 1992 13 October 1989 United States Galileo Earth flyby, last of three gravity assists to Jupiter[27] Success
24 August 1993 25 September 1992 United States Mars Observer Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[31] Failure
23 January 1998 17 February 1996 United States NEAR Shoemaker Earth flyby, gravity assist to 433 Eros[32] Success
26 April 1998 15 October 1997 European UnionUnited States Cassini–Huygens Venus flyby, first of four gravity assists to Saturn[33] Success
24 June 1999 15 October 1997 European UnionUnited States Cassini–Huygens Venus flyby, second of four gravity assists to Saturn[34] Success
18 August 1999 15 October 1997 European UnionUnited States Cassini–Huygens Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to Saturn[35] Success
30 December 2000 15 October 1997 European UnionUnited States Cassini–Huygens Jupiter flyby, last of four gravity assists to Saturn[36] Success
15 January 2001 27 February 1999 United States Stardust Earth flyby, gravity assist to 81P/Wild[37] Success
21 April 2002 4 July 1998 Japan Nozomi Earth flyby, first of two gravity assists to Mars[38] Success
19 June 2003 4 July 1998 Japan Nozomi Earth flyby, last of two gravity assists to Mars[38] Success
14 December 2003 4 July 1998 Japan Nozomi Mars flyby (inadvertent; planned Mars orbiter)[38] Failure
19 May 2004 9 May 2003 Japan Hayabusa Earth flyby, gravity assist to 25143 Itokawa[39] Success
4 March 2005 2 March 2004 European Union Rosetta Earth flyby, first of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[40] Success
2 August 2005 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Earth flyby, first gravity assist to Mercury[41] Success
15 January 2006 27 February 1999 United States Stardust Earth flyby and sample return capsule reentry[37] Success
24 October 2006 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Venus flyby, second gravity assist to Mercury[41] Success
25 February 2007 2 March 2004 European Union Rosetta Mars flyby, second of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[40] Success
28 February 2007 19 January 2006 United States New Horizons Jupiter flyby, gravity assist to Pluto/Charon system Success
5 June 2007 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Venus flyby, third gravity assist to Mercury. Also characterized the planet's atmosphere.[41] Success
13 November 2007 2 March 2004 European Union Rosetta Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[40] Success
31 December 2007 12 January 2005 United States Deep Impact (EPOXI) Earth flyby[42] Success
14 January 2008 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Mercury flyby, fourth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[41] Success
6 October 2008 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Mercury flyby, fifth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[41] Success
29 December 2008 12 January 2005 United States Deep Impact (EPOXI) Earth flyby[42] Success
14 January 2009 27 February 1999 United States Stardust Earth flyby, gravity assist to 9P/Tempel[37] Success
18 February 2009 27 September 2007 United States Dawn Mars flyby, gravity assist to 4 Vesta[43] Success
29 June 2009 12 January 2005 United States Deep Impact (EPOXI) Earth flyby (distant)[44] Success
29 September 2009 3 August 2004 United States MESSENGER Mercury flyby, sixth and final gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[41] Success
13 November 2009 2 March 2004 European Union Rosetta Earth flyby, last of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[40] Success
28 December 2009 12 January 2005 United States Deep Impact (EPOXI) Earth flyby (distant)[44] Success
27 June 2010 12 January 2005 United States Deep Impact (EPOXI) Earth flyby[42] Success
6 December 2010 20 May 2010 Japan Akatsuki Venus flyby (inadvertent; planned Venus orbiter; later inserted into orbit)[45] Failure
8 December 2010 20 May 2010 Japan IKAROS Venus flyby, probe was a technological demonstrator that launched with Akatsuki[46] Success
9 October 2013 5 August 2011 United States Juno Earth flyby, gravity assist to Jupiter[47] Success
14 July 2015 19 January 2006 United States New Horizons First and only Pluto/Charon flyby[48] Success
3 December 2015 3 December 2014 Japan Hayabusa 2 Earth flyby, gravity assist to 162173 Ryugu[49] Success
The Galileo flybys featured both purely gravitional assists and scientific experiments

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Flyby | Define Flyby at Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2015-07-15.
  2. ↑ "First Planetary Flyby Occurred 50 Years Ago Today". Retrieved 2015-07-15.
  3. ↑ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  4. ↑ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  5. ↑ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  6. ↑ "Zond 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  7. ↑ "Mariner 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  8. ↑ "Zond 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  9. ↑ "Venera 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  10. ↑ "Mariner 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  11. ↑ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  12. ↑ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  13. ↑ "Pioneer 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Mariner 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  15. ↑ "Mars 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  16. ↑ "Mars 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  17. ↑ "Mars 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  18. 1 2 "Pioneer 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  19. ↑ "Venera 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  20. ↑ "Venera 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  21. 1 2 "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  23. ↑ "Venera 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  24. ↑ "Venera 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  25. ↑ "Vega 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  26. ↑ "Vega 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  27. 1 2 3 "Galileo - In Depth | Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  28. ↑ "Giotto". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  29. ↑ "Sakigake". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  30. ↑ "Ulysses - In Depth | Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  31. ↑ "Mars Observer". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  32. ↑ "NEAR Shoemaker". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  33. ↑ "Cassini Completes First Venus Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  34. ↑ "Cassini Completes Second Venus Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  35. ↑ "Cassini Completes Earth Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  36. ↑ "Press release: Cassini Celebrates 10 Years Since Jupiter Encounter". NASA. December 29, 2010.
  37. 1 2 3 "Stardust/NExT". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  38. 1 2 3 "Nozomi". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  39. ↑ "Hayabusa". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Rosetta". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "MESSENGER". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  42. 1 2 3 "Deep Impact/EPOXI". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  43. ↑ "Dawn". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  44. 1 2 "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  45. ↑ "Akatsuki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  46. ↑ "IKAROS". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  47. ↑ "Juno". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  48. ↑ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  49. ↑ "Hayabusa 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
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