Phoenix club (sports)
The term phoenix club is one used in professional team sports to refer to a new parent company that is set up to replace the parent company of a club that has failed in business terms but not in sporting terms, ideally while maintaining the continuity of the sporting activity.[1][2] In some cases, the phoenix club is created by the supporters of the club which has ended (or appears to be on the point of ending). A phoenix club will often have the same or similar name, logo and playing uniform to the original club. The term is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom in relation to association football, though it is also used in other countries.
The term is also occasionally used to refer to a club formed by disgruntled supporters of a major team when a change of ownership or policy causes them to lose faith in the management of their favoured side (as happened in 2005 when F.C. United of Manchester were formed by fans of Manchester United as a protest at the sale of the latter to Malcolm Glazer).[3] although their status as such may be disputed if the original club is still in existence at the time.
The term is taken from the mythical phoenix bird, which is said to resurrect itself from its own ashes. In the Australia-New Zealand A-League the demise of the sole New Zealand team, New Zealand Knights, resulted in the newly created club actually calling itself the Phoenix, albeit that the club moved to a different city, Wellington.
In some cases, phoenix clubs will retain the name of the club which they replaced, implying a continuation from the former team. In other cases, name changes occur, perhaps due to proprietorial ownership existing on the old club's name. An American football example is the Cleveland Browns, the original franchise of which moved to Baltimore in 1995 to become the Baltimore Ravens; the NFL however stipulated as part of the move the franchise would not be able to keep the team history and records of the Browns, a cornerstone NFL franchise. In 1999, the "new" Browns were granted an expansion franchise and were awarded all of the former team's history by the league, even though the extant Ravens had the original Browns players and personnel.
It does not also include teams that relocated and/or have been renamed as a going concern, although many of the former may have their founding date as the day they have moved and still have strong links to their past, however they are considered to be the same club and therefore cannot be a phoenix (unless their previous entity officially folded and was liquidated).
However, the term phoenix club is one that could be disputed depending on the criteria used, as there is no single universally accepted definition. Furthermore, there may be changes in what each country's football governing body and legal system defines as a phoenix club and not a resurrected club.
Association football
Austria
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
1. FC Vöcklabruck | Vöcklabrucker SC[4] | 2009 |
Hakoah Vienna | SC Maccabi Wien[5] | 2010 |
Belgium
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
K.S.K. Beveren | Waasland-Beveren[6] | 2010 |
Beerschot AC | FCO Beerschot Wilrijk[7][8] | 2013 |
R.E. Mouscron | Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz[9] | 2010 |
Brazil
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
AA Cabofriense | AD Cabofriense [10] | 1997 |
Colorado and Pinheiros | Paraná Clube[11] | 1989 |
Grêmio Novorizontino (1973) | Grêmio Novorizontino (2001) [12] | 2001 |
Icasa E.C. | A.D.R.C. Icasa[13] | 2002 |
Bulgaria
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|
F.C. Etar | FC Etar 1924 Veliko Tarnovo[14] | 2003 | OFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo[15] | 2013 |
Canada
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix Club | Year established | 3rd Phoenix Club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vancouver Whitecaps | Vancouver Whitecaps (1974 - 1984)[16] | 1974 | Vancouver Whitecaps (1986 - 2010)[17] | 1986 | Vancouver Whitecaps FC[18] | 2011 |
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) | Montreal Impact | 2012 |
Costa Rica
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Asociación Deportiva Limonense | Limón F.C.[19] | 2009 |
A.D. Generaleñaa | AS Puma Generaleña[20] | 2010 |
a A.D. Generaleña merged with A.D. Pérez Zeledón to become Municipal Pérez Zeledón, de facto only continuing the Pérez Zeledón heritage.
Croatia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
NK Varaždin | NK Varteks[21] | 2011 |
England / Wales
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Merthyr Town F.C. | Merthyr Tydfil F.C.[22] | 1945 |
Willand Wanderers F.C. | Willand Rovers F.C.[23] | 1946 |
Accrington Stanley F.C. (1891) | Accrington Stanley F.C.[24] | 1968 |
Newport County | Newport County A.F.C.[25] | 1989 |
Aldershot F.C. | Aldershot Town F.C.[26] | 1992 |
Wimbledon F.C.a | AFC Wimbledon[27][28][29] |
2002 |
Hornchurch F.C. | A.F.C. Hornchurch[30] | 2005 |
Scarborough F.C. | Scarborough Athletic F.C.[31] | 2007 |
Farnborough Town F.C. | Farnborough F.C.[32] | 2007 |
Halifax Town A.F.C.[33] | F.C. Halifax Town[34] | 2008 |
Fisher Athletic F.C. | Fisher F.C.[35] | 2009 |
Chester City F.C. | Chester F.C.[36] | 2010 |
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. | Merthyr Town F.C.[22] | 2010 |
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. | AFC Rushden & Diamonds[37] | 2011 |
Windsor & Eton F.C. | Windsor F.C.[38] | 2011 |
Croydon Athletic F.C. | AFC Croydon Athletic[39] | 2012 |
Darlington F.C. | Darlington 1883[40] | 2012 |
Hereford United F.C. | Hereford F.C.[41] | 2015 |
a Wimbledon F.C. became Milton Keynes Dons F.C. in 2004, two years after the foundation of AFC Wimbledon; see Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes.
Finland
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Tampere United | TamU-K[42] | 2009 |
France
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Gap FC | Gap Foot 05[43] | 2012 |
Germany
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|
BSG Chemie Leipzig (1950) | FC Sachsen Leipzig | 1990 | BSG Chemie Leipzig (2011)[44] | 2011 |
SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin | SV Blau Weiss Berlin[45][46] | 1992 | ||
DVV Coburg | FC Coburg[47] | 2011 |
Indonesia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Putra Samarinda | Pusamania Borneo F.C.[48] | 2014 |
Italy
In the early 21st century, several Italian clubs endured severe economic problems. Some, most notably Fiorentina,[49][50] Napoli,[51][52][53] Parma[54][55] and Torino[56] were each declared bankrupt and had to reapply to play at a lower level with new owner and new corporate entity. All are considered to be the same clubs before and after the bankruptcy rather than separate phoenix entities; They obtained the "sports title" to remain in the Italy football pyramid using clauses in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F..[53][56]
Latvia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
FK Liepājas Metalurgs | FK Liepāja[57] | 2014 |
Macedonia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
FK Sloga Jugomagnat | FK Shkupi[58] | 2012 |
FK Bashkimi (1947–2008) | FK Bashkimi (2011)[59] | 2011 |
FK Pobeda | FK Pobeda (2010)[60] | 2010 |
Northern Ireland
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Ballymena F.C. | Ballymena United F.C.[61] | 1934 |
Newry City F.C. | Newry City AFC[62] | 2013 |
Peru
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established | 3rd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juan Aurich (1922–1992) | Aurich–Cañaña | 1993 | Juan Aurich (1996–2004) | 1996 | Juan Aurich (2005)[63] | 2005 |
Republic of Ireland
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cork City | Cork United[64] | 1940 | Cork Athletic[64] | 1948 |
Romania
Original club | Phoenix Club | Year established |
---|---|---|
FC Politehnica Timișoara | ASU Politehnica Timișoara | 2012 |
FC Argeș Pitești | F.C. Argeș 1953[65] | 2013 |
Oțelul Galați | Suporter Club Oțelul Galați | 2016 |
Farul Constanța | Suporter Spirit Club Farul | 2016 |
Russia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
FC Spartak Ryazan | FC Ryazan[66] | 1995 |
Scotland
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Clydebank F.C. (1965–2002)b | Clydebank F.C. (2003– ) | 2002 |
Gretna F.C. | Gretna F.C. 2008[67] | 2008 |
b Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) were liquidated in 2002[68] but their owners bought Clydebank[69] and rebranded it as Airdrie United (now known as Airdrieonians F.C. (2002)); therefore that club is not a phoenix as it took the place of an existing entity. However the current incarnation of Clydebank is a phoenix, as it was founded by supporters to replace the entity which had moved to Airdrie[70] and had to restart at the bottom of the (Junior) league pyramid.
cThe commercial entity of Rangers F.C. was liquidated in 2012,[71] however the sporting assets were acquired by a new company[72] which allowed its playing membership to continue unbroken (albeit in the lowest national division of the Scottish football league system).[73] It is regarded as a continuation of the same club by the relevant authorities.[74][75][76][77]
Serbia
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
ŽAK Subotica | FK Spartak Subotica[78] | 1945 |
FK Hajduk Kula | OFK Hajduk[79][80][81] | 2013 [82] |
Slovenia
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
I. SSK Maribor | NK Branik Maribor[83] | 1949 |
NK Izola | MNK Izola[84] | 1996 |
NK Ljubljana | FC Ljubljana[85] | 2005 |
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (defunct) | NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005)[86][87] | 2005 |
NK Primorje | DNŠ Ajdovščina[88] | 2011 |
Spain
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|
CP Mérida | Mérida UD[89] | 2000 | Mérida AD[90] | 2013 |
CF Ciudad de Murcia | CAP Ciudad de Murcia[91] | 2010 | ||
UD Salamanca | Unionistas de Salamanca CF[92] | 2013 | ||
CD Ourense | UD Ourense[93] | 2014 |
United States
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established | 3rd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portland Timbers (1975-82) | F.C. Portland/Portland Timbers (1985-90) | 1985 | Portland Timbers (2001-10) | 2001 | Portland Timbers | 2009 |
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–83) | Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–94) | 1988[94] | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 2006 | ||
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–88)[95] | San Jose Clash/Earthquakes | 1994 | San Jose Earthquakes | 2008[96] | ||
Seattle Sounders (1974–83)[97] | Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) | 1994 | Seattle Sounders FC | 2007 | ||
Austin Aztex FC | Austin Aztex | 2011[98] | ||||
Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–30) | Bethlehem Steel FC | 2015[99] | ||||
NSC Minnesota /Minnesota Stars FC /Minnesota United FC (2010–16) | Minnesota United FC | 2015 | ||||
New York Cosmos (1970–85) | New York Cosmos (2010) | 2010[100] | ||||
Orlando City SC (2010–14) | Orlando City SC | 2013 | ||||
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–93) | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2010[101] |
Baseball
United States
Original club | 1st Phoenix club | Year established | 2nd Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cincinnati Red Stockings | Cincinnati Reds (1876–80) | 1875 | Cincinnati Reds | 1890 |
Los Angeles Angels (PCL) | Los Angeles Angels | 1961[102] | ||
New York Metropolitans | New York Mets | 1961[103] | ||
Washington Senators (1891–99) | Washington Senators (1901–60) | 1901 | Washington Senators (1961–71) | 1961 |
Basketball
Poland
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Prokom Trefl Sopot | Trefl Sopot[104] | 2009 |
United Kingdom
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Thames Valley Tigers | Guildford Heat[105] | 2005 |
Manchester Giants (1975–2001) | Manchester Giants[106] | 2011 |
Ice hockey
England
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Manchester Storm (1995–2002) | Manchester Phoenix[107] | 2003 |
Sweden
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Hammarby Hockey (1921–2008) | Hammarby Hockey[108][109] | 2008 |
Canada
Original club | Phoenix club | Year established |
---|---|---|
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96) | Winnipeg Jets | 2011 |
References
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It is 11 years since the old Wimbledon was moved 60 miles north to Milton Keynes by music mogul Pete Winkelman, and 10 years since the club was rebranded into MK Dons. But still AFC Wimbledon, the phoenix club created by fans, are searching for the win that may provide them with the smallest sensation of revenge.
- ↑ White, Jim (2012-12-02). "MK Dons 2 AFC Wimbledon 1: match report". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
... AFC Wimbledon, the phoenix club born from the most bitterly contested geographical switch in English football history ...
- ↑ Doyle, Paul (2012-11-30). "Neal Ardley's phoenix club on the rise for FA Cup duel of raw emotion". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
Wimbledon ... as you may have gathered, is not the same thing as MK Dons. For most people connected with Wimbledon, MK Dons is the club that hijacked their one and absconded to Milton Keynes to raise an illegitimate offshoot ... fans founded a phoenix club, AFC Wimbledon, that rose from the ashes and soared up through the leagues, ascending five tiers in nine seasons to its current perch in League Two.
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