Pettalidae

Pettalidae
Adult Pettalus. Scale bar: 1 mm
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Suborder: Cyphophthalmi
Superfamily: Pettaloidea
Family: Pettalidae
Simon, 1879
Diversity
10 genera, 75 species

The Pettalidae are a family of harvestmen with 75 described species in 10 genera.[1] Several undescribed species are known or assumed in some genera.[2]

Name

Pettalus is a name from Greek mythology that appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses.[2]

Description

All species except the cave-dwelling South African Speleosiro argasiformis spend their entire life cycle in leaf litter.

They are two to five millimeters long, usually with an oval shaped body.

Although all Pettalidae except Parapurcellia have eyes, these were long thought to be absent in the family, mainly because they cannot be seen by Scanning Electron Microscopy. They are often incorporated at the base of the ozophores and typically lack lenses.[1]

Distribution

The members of this family are distributed throughout former temperate Gondwana, with genera in Chile, South Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, eastern and western Australia, and New Zealand, where they are most diverse by far, with 29 species and subspecies found in three genera.[2]

Relationships

 

 

Parapurcellia (eastern South Africa)

 
 

 

Neopurcellia (New Zealand)

 
 

 

Rakaia (New Zealand)

 
 

Aoraki (New Zealand)

 
 

Purcellia (western South Africa)

 
 

Chileogovea (Chile)

 
 

 

Karripurcellia (Western Australia)

 
 

Pettalus (Sri Lanka)

 
 
 

Austropurcellia (Queensland)

 
 
 
 
Phylogeny of most Pettalidae(after Boyer & Giribet 2007)

The family Pettalidae is monophyletic, although it is at the moment (2007) unclear what the nearest relatives are. It probably originated in the southern part of Gondwana.[1] Parsimony analysis suggests it could be a sister group to the remaining Cyphophthalmi, though this could also be the case for the Stylocellidae,[1] or it could be related to the Sironidae, or specifically to the sironid genus Suzukielus.[2] It is unrelated to the Troglosironidae that are endemic to New Caledonia.

The main lineages of the family may have arisen rapidly, possibly during the rapid expansion of Glossopteris forests that were predominant in temperate Gondwana. Pettalidae were likely present throughout the forests of Antarctica, which formed a land bridge between Australia and South America up until circa 50 million years ago (mya).

The Australian genera Austropurcellia (Eastern Australia: Queensland) and Karripurcellia (Western Australia) are not sister groups. It is possible that the Cyphophthalmi dispersed across Australia while the central region was covered with Nothofagus rainforest (until 37 mya), or that the ancestors of the two genera independently dispersed from adjacent landmasses now separate from Australia.[1]

Parapurcellia from eastern South Africa is sister to all other Pettalidae, while Purcellia from western South Africa is sister to the Chilean Chileogovea. Western South Africa and southern South America were last connected during the Late Jurassic, about 150 mya. Likewise, the monotypic Neopurcellia from New Zealand appears as the sister group to all Pettalidae except for Parapurcellia, instead of being monophyletic with the other two New Zealand genera, which themselves appear as sister groups in Bayesian analysis, but not in direct optimization parsimony analyses.[1]

Species

The family Pettalidae contains the following genera and species:[3][4]

  • Aoraki Boyer & Giribet, 2007 (New Zealand)
  • Aoraki calcarobtusa calcarobtusa Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki calcarobtusa westlandica Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki crypta Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki denticulata Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki denticulata denticulata Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki denticulata major Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki granulosa Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki healyi Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki inerma Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki inerma inerma Forster, 1948
  • Aoraki inerma stephenensis Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki longitarsa Forster, 1952
  • Aoraki tumidata Forster, 1948
  • Austropurcellia Shear, 1980 (Australia: Queensland)
  • Austropurcellia absens Boyer & Popkin-Hall, 2015
  • Austropurcellia acuta Popkin-Hall & Boyer, 2014
  • Austropurcellia alata Boyer & Reuter, 2012
  • Austropurcellia arcticosa Cantrell, 1980
  • Austropurcellia barbata Popkin-Hall & Boyer, 2014
  • Austropurcellia cadens Baker & Boyer, 2015
  • Austropurcellia capricornia Todd Davies, 1977
  • Austropurcellia clousi Boyer, Baker & Popkin-Hall, 2015
  • Austropurcellia culminis Boyer & Reuter, 2012
  • Austropurcellia daviesae Juberthie, 1989
  • Austropurcellia despectata Boyer & Reuter, 2012
  • Austropurcellia finniganensis Popkin-Hall, Jay & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia forsteri Juberthie, 2000
  • Austropurcellia fragosa Popkin-Hall, Jay & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia giribeti Boyer & Quay, 2015
  • Austropurcellia megatanka Jay, Coblens & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia monteithi Jay, Popkin-Hall, Coblens & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia nuda Popkin-Hall, Jay & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia riedeli Jay, Coblens & Boyer, 2016
  • Austropurcellia scoparia Juberthie, 1988
  • Austropurcellia sharmai Boyer & Quay, 2015
  • Austropurcellia superbensis Popkin-Hall & Boyer, 2014
  • Austropurcellia tholei Baker & Boyer, 2015
  • Austropurcellia vicina Boyer & Reuter, 2012
  • Austropurcellia woodwardi Forster, 1955
  • Chileogovea Roewer, 1961 (Chile)
  • Chileogovea jocasta Shear, 1993
  • Chileogovea oedipus Roewer, 1961
  • Karripurcellia harveyi Giribet, 2003
  • Karripurcellia peckorum Giribet, 2003
  • Karripurcellia sierwaldae Giribet, 2003
  • Manangotria Shear & Gruber, 1996 (Madagascar)
  • Manangotria taolanaro Shear & Gruber, 1996
  • Neopurcellia Forster, 1948 (New Zealand: South Island)
  • Neopurcellia salmoni Forster, 1948
  • Parapurcellia Rosas Costa, 1950 (eastern South Africa)
  • Parapurcellia amatola de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Parapurcellia convexa de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Parapurcellia fissa Lawrence, 1939
  • Parapurcellia minutade Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Parapurcellia monticola Lawrence, 1939
  • Parapurcellia natalia de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Parapurcellia peregrinator Lawrence, 1963
  • Parapurcellia rumpiana Lawrence, 1933
  • Parapurcellia silvicola Lawrence, 1939
  • Parapurcellia staregai de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Pettalus Thorell, 1876 (Sri Lanka)
  • Pettalus brevicauda Pocock, 1897
  • Pettalus cimiciformis O. P-Cambridge, 1875
  • Pettalus lampetides Sharma & Giribet, 2006
  • Pettalus thwaitesi Sharma, Karunarathna & Giribet, 2009
  • Purcellia Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 (western South Africa)
  • Purcellia argasiformis Lawrence, 1931
  • Purcellia griswoldi de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Purcellia illustrans Hansen & Sørensen, 1904
  • Purcellia lawrencei de Bivort & Giribet, 2010
  • Purcellia leleupi Starega, 2008
  • Purcellia transvaalica Lawrence, 1963
  • Rakaia Hirst, 1925 (New Zealand)
  • Rakaia antipodiana Hirst, 1925
  • Rakaia dorothea Phillipps & Grimmett, 1932
  • Rakaia florensis Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia isolata Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia lindsayi Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia macra Boyer & Giribet, 2003
  • Rakaia magna Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia magna australis Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia magna magna Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia media Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia media insula Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia media media Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia minutissima Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia pauli Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia solitaria Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia sorenseni Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia sorenseni digitata Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia sorenseni sorenseni Forster, 1952
  • Rakaia stewartiensis Forster, 1948
  • Rakaia uniloca Forster, 1952

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Boyer & Giribet 2007
  2. 1 2 3 4 Giribet, Gonzalo & Boyer, Sarah L. (2007): Pettalidae Shear, 1980. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 99ff
  3. ↑ Giribet, Gonzalo; Boyer, Sarah L.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Fernández, Rosa; Sharma, Prashant P.; Bivort, Benjamin L. de; Daniels, Savel R.; Harvey, Mark S.; Griswold, Charles E. (2016-11-01). "A molecular phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) and the limits of taxonomic sampling". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 523–545. doi:10.1111/zoj.12419. ISSN 0024-4082.
  4. ↑ "Cyphophthalmi Checklist". giribet.oeb.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-09.

References

  • Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Pettalidae
  • Checklist of the Cyphophthalmi species of the World (with pictures)
  • Juberthie, C. (1971): Les opilions cyphophthalmes cavernicoles. Notes sur Speleosiro argasiformis Lawrence. Bull. Mus. Natl Hist. Nat. 42: 864–871.
  • Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
  • Boyer, S.L. & Giribet, G. (2007): A new model Gondwanan taxon: systematics and biogeography of the harvestman family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), with a taxonomic revision of genera from Australia and New Zealand. Cladistics 23(4): 337-361. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00149.x
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