Perovskite

Perovskite
General
Category Oxide minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		 CaTiO3
Strunz classification 4.CC.30
Crystal system Orthorhombic
Crystal class Dipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group Pnma
Identification
Formula mass 135.96 g/mol
Color Black, reddish brown, pale yellow, yellowish orange
Crystal habit Pseudo cubic – crystals show a cubic outline
Twinning complex penetration twins
Cleavage [100] good, [010] good, [001] good
Fracture Conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness 5–5.5
Luster Adamantine to metallic; may be dull
Streak grayish white
Diaphaneity Transparent to opaque
Specific gravity 3.98–4.26
Optical properties Biaxial (+)
Refractive index nα = 2.3, nβ = 2.34, nγ = 2.38
Other characteristics non-radioactive, non-magnetic
References [1][2][3][4]

Perovskite (pronunciation: /pəˈrɒvskaɪt/) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (Ca Ti O3). It lends its name to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO3 (XIIA2+VIB4+X2−3), known as the perovskite structure.[5] Many different cations can be embedded in this structure, allowing the development of diverse engineered materials.[6]

History

The mineral was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and is named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski (1792–1856).[2] Perovskite's notable crystal structure was first described by Victor Goldschmidt in 1926, in his work on tolerance factors.[7] The crystal structure was later published in 1945 from X-ray diffraction data on barium titanate by Helen Dick Megaw.[8]

Occurrence

Found in the Earth’s mantle, perovskite’s occurrence at Khibina Massif is restricted to the under-saturated ultramafic rocks and foidolites, due to the instability in a paragenesis with feldspar. Perovskite occurs as small anhedral to subhedral crystals filling interstices between the rock-forming silicates.[9]

Perovskite is found in contact carbonate skarns at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in altered blocks of limestone ejected from Mount Vesuvius, in chlorite and talc schist in the Urals and Switzerland,[10] and as an accessory mineral in alkaline and mafic igneous rocks, nepheline syenite, melilitite, kimberlites and rare carbonatites. Perovskite is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions found in some chondritic meteorites.[3]

A rare-earth-bearing variety knopite (Ca,Ce,Na)(Ti,Fe)O3) is found in alkali intrusive rocks in the Kola Peninsula and near Alnö, Sweden. A niobium-bearing variety dysanalyte occurs in carbonatite near Schelingen, Kaiserstuhl, Germany.[10][11]

Special characteristics

The stability of perovskite in igneous rocks is limited by its reaction relation with sphene. In volcanic rocks perovskite and sphene are not found together, the only exception being in an etindite from Cameroon.[12]

Physical properties

Perovskites have a cubic structure with general formula of ABO
3. In this structure, an A-site ion, on the corners of the lattice, is usually an alkaline earth or rare-earth element. B-site ions, on the center of the lattice, could be 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal elements. A large number of metallic elements are stable in the perovskite structure, if the tolerance factor t is in the range of 0.75–1.0.[13]

where RA, RB and RO are the ionic radii of A and B site elements and oxygen, respectively.

Perovskites have sub-metallic to metallic luster, colorless streak, cube like structure along with imperfect cleavage and brittle tenacity. Colors include black, brown, gray, orange to yellow. Crystals of perovskite appear as cubes, but are pseudocubic and crystallize in the orthorhombic system. Perovskite crystals have been mistaken for galena; however, galena has a better metallic luster, greater density, perfect cleavage and true cubic symmetry.[14]

Layered perovskites

Perovskites may be structured in layers, with the above ABO
3 structure separated by thin sheets of intrusive material. Different forms of intrusions, based on the chemical makeup of the intrusion, are defined as:[15]

  • Aurivillius phase: the intruding layer is composed of a [Bi
    2    O
    2    ]2+ ion, occurring every n ABO
    3     layers, leading to an overall chemical formula of [Bi
    2    O
    2    ]-A
    (n−1)    B
    2    O
    7    . Their oxide ion-conducting properties were first discovered in the 1970s by Takahashi et al., and they have been used for this purpose ever since.[16]
  • Dion−Jacobson phase: the intruding layer is composed of an alkali metal (M) every n ABO
    3     layers, giving the overall formula as M+
    A
    (n−1)    B
    n    O
    (3n+1)
  • Ruddlesden-Popper phase: the simplest of the phases, the intruding layer occurs between every one (n = 1) or two (n = 2) layers of the ABO
    3     lattice. Ruddlesden−Popper phases have a similar relationship to perovskites in terms of atomic radii of elements with A typically being large (such as La[17] or Sr[18]) with the B ion being much smaller typically a transition metal (such as Mn,[17] Co[19] or Ni[20]).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Prehnit (Prehnite). Mineralienatlas.de
  2. 1 2 Perovskite. Webmineral
  3. 1 2 Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C. (Eds.) Perovskite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, VA.
  4. ↑ Inoue, Naoki and Zou, Yanhui (2006) Physical properties of perovskite-type lithium ionic conductor. Ch. 8 in Takashi Sakuma and Haruyuki Takahashi (Eds.) Physics of Solid State Ionics. pp. 247–269 ISBN 81-308-0070-5.
  5. ↑ Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (2004). Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7.
  6. ↑ Szuromi, Phillip; Grocholski, Brent (2017). "Natural and engineered perovskites". Science. 358 (6364): 732–733. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..732S. doi:10.1126/science.358.6364.732. PMID 29123058.
  7. ↑ Golschmidt, V. M. (1926). "Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie". Die Naturwissenschaften. 21 (21): 477–485. Bibcode:1926NW.....14..477G. doi:10.1007/BF01507527.
  8. ↑ Megaw, Helen (1945). "Crystal Structure of Barium Titanate". Nature. 155 (3938): 484–485. Bibcode:1945Natur.155..484.. doi:10.1038/155484b0.
  9. ↑ Chakhmouradian, Anton R. & Mitchell, Roger H. (1998). "Compositional variation of perovskite-group minerals from the Khibina Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 36: 953–969.
  10. 1 2 Palache, Charles, Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel, 1944, Dana's System of Mineralogy Vol. 1, Wiley, 7th ed. p. 733
  11. ↑ Deer, William Alexander; Howie, Robert Andrew; Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Longman Scientific Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30094-1.
  12. ↑ Veksler, I. V.; Teptelev, M. P. (1990). "Conditions for crystallization and concentration of perovskite-type minerals in alkaline magmas". Lithos. 26 (1): 177–189. Bibcode:1990Litho..26..177V. doi:10.1016/0024-4937(90)90047-5.
  13. ↑ Peña, M. A.; Fierro, J. L. (2001). "Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides" (PDF). Chemical Reviews. 101 (7): 1981–2017. doi:10.1021/cr980129f. PMID 11710238.
  14. ↑ Luxová, Jana; Šulcová, Petra; Trojan, M. (2008). "Study of Perovskite" (PDF). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 93 (3): 823–827. doi:10.1007/s10973-008-9329-z.
  15. ↑ Cava, Robert J. "Cava Lab: Perovskites". Princeton University. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  16. ↑ Kendall, K. R.; Navas, C.; Thomas, J. K.; Zur Loye, H. C. (1996). "Recent Developments in Oxide Ion Conductors: Aurivillius Phases". Chemistry of Materials. 8 (3): 642–649. doi:10.1021/cm9503083.
  17. 1 2 Munnings, C; Skinner, S; Amow, G; Whitfield, P; Davidson, I (15 October 2006). "Structure, stability and electrical properties of the La(2−x)SrxMnO4±δ solid solution series". Solid State Ionics. 177 (19–25): 1849–1853. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.01.009.
  18. ↑ Munnings, Christopher N.; Sayers, Ruth; Stuart, Paul A.; Skinner, Stephen J. (January 2012). "Structural transformation and oxidation of Sr2MnO3.5+x determined by in-situ neutron powder diffraction". Solid State Sciences. 14 (1): 48–53. Bibcode:2012SSSci..14...48M. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.10.015. hdl:10044/1/15437.
  19. ↑ Amow, G.; Whitfield, P. S.; Davidson, I. J.; Hammond, R. P.; Munnings, C. N.; Skinner, S. J. (January 2004). "Structural and sintering characteristics of the La2Ni1−xCoxO4+δ series". Ceramics International. 30 (7): 1635–1639. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.12.164.
  20. ↑ Amow, G.; Whitfield, P. S.; Davidson, J.; Hammond, R. P.; Munnings, C.; Skinner, S. (11 February 2011). "Structural and Physical Property Trends of the Hyperstoichiometric Series, La2Ni(1−x)CoxO4+δ". MRS Proceedings. 755. doi:10.1557/PROC-755-DD8.10.
  • Wikisource "Perovskite". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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