PC-9800 series

PC-9801RX with the Intel 80286
Type	Personal computer
Release date	October 1982 (1982-10) (PC-9801)
Introductory price	¥298,000
Discontinued	2003[1]
Operating system	CP/M-86, MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows
CPU	8086 @ 5 MHz and higher
Memory	128 kilobytes and higher
Predecessor	PC-8800 Series

The PC-9800 series (Japanese: PC-9800シリーズ, Hepburn: Pī Sī Kyūsen Happyaku Shirīzu), commonly shortened to PC-98, is a lineup of Japanese 16-bit and 32-bit personal computers manufactured by NEC from 1982 through 2000. The platform established NEC's dominance in the Japanese personal computer market, and by 1999, more than 18 million PC-98 units had been sold.^[2]

History

NEC µPD8086D-2 (8 MHz), an Intel D8086-2 clone

PC-9801F motherboard

The first model, the PC-9801, was launched on October 1982,^[3] and employed an 8086 CPU. It ran at a clock speed of 5 MHz, with two µPD7220 display controllers (one for text, the other for video graphics), and shipped with 128 KB of RAM, expandable to 640 KB. Its 8-color display had a maximum resolution of 640×400 pixels. Its successor, the PC-9801E, which appeared in 1983, employed an 8086-2 CPU, which could selectively run at a speed of either 5 or 8 MHz. The NEC PC-9801VM used NEC V30 CPU.

When the PC-9801 was launched in 1982, it was initially priced at 298,000 yen (about US$1,200 in 1982 dollars).

In the 1980s and early 1990s, NEC dominated the Japan domestic PC market with more than 60% of the PCs sold as PC-9801 or PC-8801. In 1990, IBM Japan introduced the DOS/V operating system which enabled displaying Japanese text on standard IBM PC/AT VGA adapters. After that, the decline of the PC-98 began. The PC-9801's last successor was the Celeron-based PC-9821Ra43 (with a clock frequency of 433 MHz, using a 440FX chipset-based motherboard design from 1998), which appeared in 2000.

While NEC did not market these specific machines in the West, it did sell the NEC APC III, which has similar hardware as early PC-98 models.^[4]

Hardware

The PC-98 is different from the IBM PC in many ways; for instance, it uses its own 16-bit C-Bus (Cバス) instead of the ISA bus; BIOS, I/O port addressing, memory management, and graphics output are also different. However, localized MS-DOS or Windows will still run on PC-9801s.

Sound

PC-9801-26 Sound Board

The first generation of PC-9801s, E, F, and M models, only had an internal buzzer. PC-9801U2 and later models could change the sound frequency by controlling the programmable interval timer, like the PC speaker. The PC-8801mkIISR home computer, introduced in 1985, had a Yamaha YM2203 sound chip, a Atari joystick port, and BASIC sound commands. The optional PC-9801-26 sound card was based around these features, although in some PC-9801 models it is integrated with the motherboard. It became the most common sound card for playing in-game music on the PC-98.^[5]

It was superseded by the PC-9801-73 (1991) and PC-9801-86 (1993) sound card, which employed the YM2608 and added support for 16-bit stereo sampling. Due to lack of DMA support and poor sound drivers, however, it often had issues in Windows, creating popping and clicking sounds.^[6] The PC-9801-118 sound card and later PC-9821 models uses the Crystal Semiconductor's WSS audio codec to resolve this, but the newer sound chip was not compatible the with older conventional sound cards.^[7]

Roland released the MPU-401 MIDI interface card for PC-98 computers.

Clones

Seiko Epson manufactured PC-9801 clones, as well as compatible peripherals.^[8]

Software

The PC-98 was primarily used for business in Japan from 1980s to mid-1990s. As of September 1992, out of 16,000 PC-98s in use, 60% were primarily for corporate business software, 10% for operating systems and development tools, 10% for educational software, with the rest being a mix of graphic design, networking, word processing, and games.^[9] The Nikkei Personal Computing journal published in 1993 reported that most home users purchased PCs for completing their office work at home. The publisher sent a questionnaire to 2000 readers, and out of 1227 readers who answered, 82% of users were using it for word processing, 72% for spreadsheets, 47% used it as a database, and 43% for games.^[10]

One of the PC-98's killer applications, Ichitaro; a Japanese word processor, was released in 1985.^[11] It was ported to other machines in 1987. A Japanese version of Lotus 1-2-3 was also ported to PC-98 first in 1986.^[12] Ichitaro (all versions) shipped 1 million copies by 1991,^[13] and Lotus 1-2-3 a half-million copies.^[14]

Software for the PC-98 generally ran from program and data disks (Disk 0 & 1 or A & B). For example, Ichitaro's system disk contained a runtime version of MS-DOS, main programs, an input method editor (ATOK), and its dictionary data file. It used the entire space of a 1.2 MB floppy disk.^[11] In 1980s, most machines only had two floppy drives because HDDs were an expensive additional feature for PCs.

The PC9801 had thousands of game titles designed for it, many of which made creative use of the system's limitations (it was originally designed as a business machine) to great commercial success. Despite having hardware specifications far inferior to the Fujitsu FM Towns and Sharp X68000 personal computers, the massive install base and steady flow of game titles (in particular "dōjin" style dating sims and RPGs, as well as early games of Policenauts, YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World, Koutetsu no Kishi, Mayonaka no Tantei Nightwalker, MechWarrior, Rusty, Hiōden: Mamono-tachi tono Chikai, Shūjin e no Pert-em-Hru, better known as Corpse Party, Slayers, J.B. Harold Murder Club, and Touhou Project kept it as the favored platform for PC game developers in Japan until the rise of the DOS/V clones.

NEC kept much of its hardware and platform proprietary or under license, so while it had a virtual monopoly in the Japanese market, later IBM PC clones with DOS/V and Windows from companies such as Hitachi and Panasonic that did not require such license fees (like Epson's 98 clones) flooded the market and displaced NEC.

Models

Partial list of PC-98 models sold in the Japanese market (no 1992-2000 models, no notebook models, etc.).

Timeline of PC-9801 models

See also

• PC game
• PC-8800 Series
• X68000
• TurboGrafx-16
• Commodore 64
• FM-7
• FM Towns
• MSX

References

Further reading

• Joel West and Jason Dedrick, "Innovation and Control in Standards Architectures: The Rise and Fall of Japan’s PC-98", Information Systems Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2000, pp. 197–216
• Ascii Techwrite (1993). 改訂版 PC-9800シリーズ テクニカルデータブック HARDWARE編 [PC-9800 Series Technical Databook (Hardware, Revised Ed.)]. Ascii. ISBN 4756104568.
• Ascii Techwrite (1992). PC-9800シリーズ テクニカルデータブック BIOS編 [PC-9800 Series Technical Databook (BIOS)]. Ascii. ISBN 475610441X.
• Myers, Steven; Smith, Greg (March 1995). "DOS/V: The Soft(ware) Solution to Hard(ware) Problems". Computing Japan Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
• Boyd, John (April 1997). "From Chaos to Competition - Japan's PC industry in transformation". Computing Japan Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-16.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PC-9800 series.

• Intro to NEC PC-9800 World
• PC 9801, the first model of the series
• Info about NEC PC-9801M with uPD8086D-2
• "PC博物館" [PC Museum] (in Japanese). Retrieved June 7, 2016.
• "With98 : PC-98データバンク" [With98 : PC-98 Data Bank] (in Japanese). (unofficial). Retrieved June 7, 2016.
• "モデルナンバー （本体） - PC-9800 - NEC - レトロＰＣ - Retro Computer People" [Model number (computers) - PC-9800 - NEC - Retro PC - Retro Computer People] (in Japanese). Retrieved June 10, 2016.
• "なおちま屋 = 昔のカタログ保存館" [Naochima-ya - Old catalogue museum] (in Japanese). Retrieved June 10, 2016.
• Neko Project II, a PC-98 emulator for Windows and Mac OS X