Noble gas (data page)

This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus.

Physical properties

Solid

Physical propertyHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Density, solid at tp (g/dm³)[1]–1444162328263540–
Crystal structure[2]hcpfccfccfccfccfcc

Liquid

Physical propertyHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Density, liquid at bp and 1 atm (g/dm³)[1]125.012071393.9241530574400
Density, liquid at tp (g/dm³)[1]–1247141524513084–
Thermal conductivity, liquid at bp (mW m−1 K−1)[1]31.4129.7121.388.373.2–
Dielectric constant (liquid)[3][4]1.055[5]1.53[6]1.504 [7]1.657[8]1.874[9]—

Gas

Physical propertyHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Density, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (g/dm³)[2]0.17860.90021.78183.7085.8519.97
Thermal conductivity at 0 °C (J s−1 m−1 K−1)[10]0.14180.04610.01690.008740.005060.0036[11]
Mean Free Path at STP (nm)[2]192.66135.3668.3352.3437.88 –
Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg) [10]8.6110.533.659.4108.1230
Magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole)[2]−0.0000019−0.0000072−0.0000194−0.000028−0.000043–
Heat capacity, Cp, gas at 1 atm (J mol−1 K−1)[1]20.7820.7920.8520.9521.0121
Sonic velocity at 0 °C and 1 atm (m/s)[1]973433307.8213168–
Thermal conductivity, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (mW m−1 K−1)[1]141.8446.0716.948.745.063.6[11]
Molar refraction (D line, cm3)[12]0.5211.0044.2036.39710.435–
Dielectric constant (gas)[3]1.0000684[13]1.00013[14]1.000516[15]–––
van der Waals constant a (L2bar/mol2)[3]0.034120.21071.3452.3184.194–
van der Waals constant b (L/mol)[3]0.023700.017090.032190.039780.05105–

Phase changes and critical properties

Physical propertyHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Boiling point (°C)[2]−268.8−245.9−185.8−151.7−106.6−61.7
Boiling point (K)4.1527.1587.15121.2165.2211.3
Melting point (°C)[2]−−248.5−189.6−157.4−111.5−71.0
Critical temperature (K)[2]5.2544.5150.85209.35289.74378.15
Critical pressure (atm)[2]2.2626.948.354.357.6462
Critical density (g/mL)[2]0.06930.4840.5360.9081.100–
Triple point temperature (K)[1]2.19[16]24.56283.80115.76161.37202
Triple point pressure (kPa)[1]5.1[16]43.3768.9073.1581.6670

Atomic properties

Atomic propertyHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Atomic number[10]21018365486
Standard atomic weight[10]4.002602(2)20.1797(6)39.948(1)83.80(1)131.29(2)(222)
Number of natural isotopes[10]23369(1)
Outer shell electron configuration[10]1s22s22p63s23p64s24p65s25p66s26p6
Atomic radius (pm)[2]130160192198218 –
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)[10]237220801520135111701037
Static polarizability[2] (Å3)0.2040.3921.632.4654.01–
Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE)4.164.793.242.972.58–

Abundance

AbundanceHeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadon
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[17]23432.1480.10255.515 × 10−55.391 × 10−6–
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[18]5.2018.209340.001.100.09(0.06–18) × 10−19
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[10]3 × 10−37 × 10−54 × 10−2––1.7 × 10−10

Economic data

Gas2004 price (USD/m3)[1]
Helium (industrial grade)4.20–4.90
Helium (laboratory grade)22.30–44.90
Argon2.70–8.50
Neon60–120
Krypton400–500
Xenon4000–5000

Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium.[19]

References and notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
  4. ↑ Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. Bibcode:1964JChPh..40..146A. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
  5. ↑ at 2.06–2.63 K
  6. ↑ at −191 °C
  7. ↑ at 87.27K
  8. ↑ at 119.80K
  9. ↑ at 165.05K
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
  11. 1 2 Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
  12. ↑ Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485.
  13. ↑ <3 × 106 Hz at 140 °C
  14. ↑ 106 Hz at 0°C
  15. ↑ 1015 Hz at 20°C
  16. 1 2 Lambda point for pure 4He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
  17. ↑ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. The American Astronomical Society. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492.
  18. ↑ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  19. ↑ Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. Bibcode:1997NIMPA.391..511C. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.
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