Nawshirwan Mustafa

Nawshirwan Mustafa
Nawshirwan Mustafa in 2015
General coordinator of the Movement for Change (Gorran)
In office
1 April 2009 – 19 May 2017[1]
Succeeded by Omar Said Ali
Deputy Secretary General of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
In office
1 November 1976 – 30 November 2006
Preceded by Kosrat Rasul Ali
Komala
Personal details
Born (1944-12-22)22 December 1944
Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Died 19 May 2017(2017-05-19) (aged 72)[1]
Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Political party Movement for Change
Residence Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Occupation Politician
Profession Historian, Author, Scholar, Revolutionary, Peshmerga (Guerilla) Commander
Military service
Allegiance Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Service/branch Peshmerga
Battles/wars

Iran-Iraq war

Kurdish–Turkish conflict

Nawshirwan Mustafa (22 December 1944[2] – 19 May 2017) (Kurdish: نەوشیروان مستەفا‎) was an Iraqi Kurdish politician who served as the General Coordinator of the Movement for Change and the leader of the official opposition in the Kurdistan Region from 1 April 2009 to his death on 19 May 2017.[3]

Early life

Nawshirwan Mustafa was born on 22 December 1944 in the old quarter of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, the eldest of two sons of Mustafa Émin. Mustafa's grandfather Émin Khider was a financier of the short-lived Kingdom of Kurdistan and its government, according to the newspaper Pêşkewtin. Nawshirwan (whose name means "immortal soul") was named by his father after the 20th Sassanid Emperor Khosrau I of Persia, also known as Anushiruwān-e Dādgar. Sulaymaniyah has been the seat of the Mustafa family since the city was founded in 1784. Unlike Kurdistan's other prominent political leaders Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani, Mustafa hails from a city, not a village, and is not a member of a tribe.

Education, early activism and exile

Mustafa joined the pro-Ahmadist faction of the KDP in 1960 where he was very active in the youth branch. He allied himself with Barzani's opponents in the politburo and resigned from the party before the KDP split.[4]

Mustafa attended the Royal King Faisal school in Sulaymaniyah and was also taught foreign languages by private tutors at an early age. He went on to study political science at Baghdad University.[5]

In 1970, Mustafa was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court in Baghdad. As a result, he went into exile in Austria,[6] where he studied international law at Vienna University.[5]

He also spoke German, English, Arabic and Persian.[5]

Political career

Komala and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

The PUK was founded in June 1975 by combining Mustafa's Komala Ranjdaran with the Socialist Movement of Kurdistan, headed by Ali Askari,[6] under the general leadership of Jalal Talabani. The most influential of these groups was Komala Randjaran.[7]

During the late 1970s through the early '90s, Mustafa was the commander in chief of Peshmerga forces, conducting a guerrilla war against the Iraqi Ba'athist army and government. After inflicting serious damage on the better equipped Iraqi army, the Ba'athist government turned to chemical warfare. Using biological weapons such as nerve gas and mustard gas, Saddam Hussein initiated the Anfal Campaign in early 1987, with sustained use of chemical weapons and the mass genocide of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians.

In 1988, Mustafa, with Talabani and the leadership of PUK, decided to initiate a tactical retreat to the Iranian border in the hope that Saddam would end the Anfal Campaign. Over the course of the next three years, Mustafa oversaw the reorganisation of the Peshmerga Forces whilst creating sleeper cells within the major Iraqi Kurdish cities of As-Sulaymaniyah, Arbil, Mosul and Kirkuk. During this period, Mustafa made plans for a popular uprising, which would be initiated by the sleeper cells, and supported by the newly organised Peshmerga battalions which were placed along the Iraqi/Iranian border.

In the spring of 1991, Mustafa, initiated his plan and on 7 March the town of Rania was liberated from Iraqi forces. Mustafa oversaw and conducted the operation, which resulted in the liberation of all the major cities, ending with the liberation of Kirkuk on 21 March 1991. Mustafa is known as the architect of the uprising because he oversaw the liberation of Kurdistan of Iraq for the first time since the creation of the state of Iraq. This subsequent autonomy has led to the current Kurdistan Regional government which is an autonomous region in Northern Iraq.

The 1983 Massacre of the Communists in Piştaşan

In the 1980s, he had the primary role in the PUK's numerous attacks on the communist groups. In 1983, Mustafa led the PUK forces to attack the Communist Party of Iraq's main base in the village Piştaşan, killing 150 communists.[8]

Worker-communist Party lawsuit

In July 2000, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan attacked the bases of Worker-communist Party and organizations close to it. During the attacks five were killed and some injured, also hundreds of party members were arrested.[9] In 2011 Worker-communist Party of Kurdistan filed a lawsuit against Nawshirwan Mustafa and four other PUK senior members at that time as the responsible for the attacks.[10]

Movement for Change

Mustafa was the head of the main opposition list, Change List, in the Iraqi Kurdistan legislative election, 2009.[11] The Change List is a broad coalition which consists of independents, members of the PUK and KDP, and elements from many established parties in Iraqi Kurdistan.

The Change List won the support of more than 51% of the As Sulaymaniyah Governorate voters. The Change list participated in the Iraqi parliamentary election, 2010 and won eight seats in both the As Sulaymaniyah and Arbil Governorates.

In November 2011, Jalal Talabani sent a delegation to "seek reconciliation" with Mustafa. The delegation was told that "Talabani should reconcile with the People, not with Gorran" and that "we do not have any personal issue with Talabani."[12] The speedy attempt at reconciliation by Talabani was seen as a fearful response to Mustafa's one on one meeting with Barzani, in which Talabani was fearful that Barzani may seek Mustafa as his new political ally. Mustafa has refused to meet Talabani despite his various requests.[13] The relationship between the one time friends had reached a low after the two traded accusations about each other's actions during the Kurdish revolution in the media.[14]

Posts held

Media activity

Mustafa published the Razgari magazine in 1968,[4] which represented the views of nationalists calling for greater autonomy for Kurds.[4]

Mustafa has had a long history of pushing for free media in the region. In an interview with the London-based Asharq Al-Awsat on 31 May 2003, he stated Iraq and Kurdistan need to "enact news laws that live up to the spirit of the age and are in line with the principles of human rights and civil society."

In March 2007, Mustafa established the Wusha Corporation in Sulaimaniyah. When asked why he had established such a vast media outlet, he stated, "We have attempted to change Kurdish politics from the inside, now let us attempt it from the outside."

Branches of the Wusha Corporation:

The company's newspaper, Rozhnama, heavily criticized Jalal Talabani for deciding in March 2008 to sack party members from the PUK for speaking out against politicians in the press.[15]

Personal life

Mustafa speaks both Sorani and Kurmanji varieties of his native language Kurdish. He is also fluent in Arabic, Persian, English and German.

With his wife, whom Mustafa married in 1982, he has three children, two boys and a girl, the eldest son (Nima), whom Mustafa named after himself and twins: one son (Chia) and one daughter (Chra).

Nawshirwan Mustafa died in his hometown of Sulaymaniyah on 19 May 2017 and was buried on 20 May 2017. While it hasn't been confirmed, he is thought to have died of lung cancer.

Publications

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  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1997). La kanārī Dānubawa bo khaṛī Nāwzang:political events in Iraqi Kurdistan from 1975 to 1978. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1997). Panjakan yaktari ashkenin: political events in Iraqi Kurdistan from 1979 to 1983. Kurdistan: Zargata. ISBN 3-9806140-3-4.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1999). Khulāna la bāznadā: the inside story of events in Iraqi Kurdistan 1984-1988. Kurdistan: Meľbenî Awedanî Kurdistan. ISBN 3-9806140-3-4.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1992). Kurd u Ejam. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1993). Hukumati Kurdistan: Kurd le gemey Sovieti da. Kurdistan: K.I.B. ISBN 90-900635-6-0.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1998). Mīrāyatī Bābān lah nǐwān bardāshī R̮ǔm ū ʻAjamʹdā. Kurdistan: Melbendî Awedanî Kurdistan. ISBN 3-9806140-1-8.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (2000). Kurdistanî ʻÊraq: serdemî qełem u muraceʻat, 1928-1931. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (2002). Jian: Be tementirîn rōjnamey kurdî 1926 - 1938. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (2004). Jian: Çend lapereyek le mêjûy rojnamewaniy Kurdî, 1938-1958: rojnamewaniy nihênî. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1981). Karesati Hekari. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (1995). Kêşey Partî û Yekêtî. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (2009). Ême û Ewan. Kurdistan: Zargata.
  • Mustafa, Nawshirwan (2012). Edeb û Tarikhi Kurdi. Kurdistan: Zargata.

References

  1. 1 2 "Nawshirwan Mustafa dies in Sulaymaniyah". NRT News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Muir, Jim (24 July 2009). "Iraqi Kurds vote in 'vibrant' elections". BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty, Historical Dictionary of Iraq, p. 173, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 Gunter, Michael M. (2010-11-04). Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780810875074.
  6. 1 2 Michael M. Gunter, Historical Dictionary of the Kurds, p. 221, at Google Books
  7. ↑ Mohammed M. A. Ahmed, Michael M. Gunter, The evolution of Kurdish nationalism at Google Books
  8. ↑ Tareq Ismael, The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 201.
  9. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  10. ↑ https://archive.is/20130502112109/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/3908.html
  11. ↑ KurdishMedia.com: News about Kurds and Kurdistan
  12. ↑ Kurdistan Tribune, PUK leader Talabani seeks reconciliation with Gorran leader, http://kurdistantribune.com/2011/puk-leader-talabani-seeks-reconciliation-gorran-leader/
  13. ↑ EKurd, Kurdistan opposition leader Nawshirwan responds to speech of Talabani, http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3414.htm
  14. ↑ EKurd, Jalal Talabani says Nawshirwan Mustafa secession was aggressive, http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/6/state5169.htm
  15. ↑ Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Future of the Iraqi Kurds, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pubPDFs/PolicyFocus85.pdf

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