Moving to Opportunity

Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing (MTO) was a randomized social experiment sponsored by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s among 4600 low-income families with children living in high-poverty public housing projects. Families who volunteered to participate in the program were randomly assigned to 3 groups. One group received housing vouchers that could be used only in low-poverty areas for the first year as well as counseling to help them find units there. After a year, they could use their vouchers anywhere. One group received vouchers that could be used anywhere but no counseling. A third (control) group did not receive vouchers but remained eligible for any other government assistance to which they otherwise would have been entitled. A vast majority of the participating families were headed by African-American or Hispanic single mothers^[1]. The demonstration was implemented by public housing authorities in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City.^[2]

Publications based on the demonstration have been numerous. Interim findings appeared in 2003,^[3] and final findings were released in 2011.^[4] A special issue of the HUD publication Cityscape in 2012 was largely devoted to the experiment.^[5]

The Congressional mandate authorizing the demonstration directed evaluation of its impacts on the housing, earnings, and education of the family members in the treatment groups. Researchers found that voucher recipients lived in lower-crime neighborhoods and generally had better units than the control group families, but the experiment had no impact on earnings or educational attainment.^[6] It did, however, have unexpected results in health and happiness. Parents in families who moved to low-poverty areas had lower rates of obesity and depression,^[7] and positive impacts on behavior and outlook among young women (but not young men) were also noted.^[8]

In 2015, Harvard economists Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and Lawrence Katz presented their work on the longer-term results of MTO. This was the first study to find strong evidence that the program caused economic gains, with children who moved from high-poverty areas to low-poverty areas when they were less than 13 years old enjoying mean incomes nearly a third higher than children who did not move. The study also finds that children who moved when they were older than 13 years old fell behind their peers who stayed in high-poverty areas. This is attributed to the disruptive effects of a move later in adolescence and less time for the benefits of living in a low-poverty area to manifest themselves.^[9]

A critique in the Du Bois Review by Arline Geronimus and J. Phillip Thompson calls the Moving to Opportunity study "politically naive"^[10]. Their study theorizes that moving a family into a higher income neighborhood might solve immediate, direct health risks (for example clean water, less crime) however the loss of social integration, stress factors, and racially influenced disparities, would likely mitigate any short term improvements. According to Geronimus and Thompson the premise of the MTO program does not address root causes of poverty, does not reduce toxic stress, and especially "falls short of addressing the racism that led to Black urban ghettos."

References

Further reading

• Clampet-Lundquist, Susan; Douglas S. Massey (2008). "Neighborhood Effects on Economic Self-Sufficiency: A Reconsideration of the Moving to Opportunity Experiment". American Journal of Sociology. 114 (1): 107–143. doi:10.1086/588740. JSTOR 10.1086/588740.
• Ferryman, Kadija S.; et al. (March 2008). "Do Better Neighborhoods for MTO Families Mean Better Schools?" (PDF). Urban Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
• Geronimus, Arline T.; Thompson, J. Phillip (1 September 2004). "TO DENIGRATE, IGNORE, OR DISRUPT: Racial Inequality in Health and the Impact of a Policy-induced Breakdown of African American Communities". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 1 (02). doi:10.1017/S1742058X04042031.
• Kling, Jeffrey R.; Jeffrey B. Liebman; Lawrence F. Katz (2007). "Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects". Econometrica. 75 (1): 83–119. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x. JSTOR 4123109.
• Ludwig, Jens; Jeffrey R. Kling (2006). "Is Crime Contagious?". Journal of Law and Economics. 50 (3): 491–518. doi:10.1086/519807. JSTOR 10.1086/519807.
• Ludwig, Jens; Jeffrey B. Liebman; Jeffrey R. Kling; Greg J. Duncan; Lawrence F. Katz; Ronald C. Kessler; Lisa Sanbonmatsu (2008). "What Can We Learn about Neighborhood Effects from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment?". American Journal of Sociology. 114 (1): 144–188. doi:10.1086/588741. JSTOR 10.1086/588741.
• Sampson, Robert J. (2008). "Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 114 (1): 189–231. doi:10.1086/589843. JSTOR 10.1086/589843.
• Shroder, Mark (2001). "Moving to Opportunity: An Experiment in Social and Geographic Mobility" (PDF). Cityscape. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 5 (2). Retrieved 16 August 2013.
• Harcourt, Bernard E.; Ludwig, Jens (2006). "Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment". University of Chicago Law Review. University of Chicago Press. 73. ISSN 0041-9494. SSRN 743284.

External links

• Moving to Opportunity (MTO) for Fair Housing Demonstration Program