Mortal Kombat

Mortal Kombat
The original logo of the Mortal Kombat tournament
Genres Fighting game
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Creator(s)
Platforms Amiga
Android
Arcade
DOS
Dreamcast
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
Game Boy Color
GameCube
Game.com
IBM PC compatible
iOS
Microsoft Windows
MS-DOS
Nintendo 64
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Vita
R-Zone
Sega 32X
Sega CD
Sega Game Gear
Sega Genesis
Sega Master System
Sega Saturn
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
TV game
Wii
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
First release Mortal Kombat
October 8, 1992
Latest release Mortal Kombat XL
March 1, 2016

Mortal Kombat is a video game franchise originally developed by Midway Games' Chicago studio in 1992. Following Midway's bankruptcy, the Mortal Kombat development team was acquired by Warner Bros. and turned into NetherRealm Studios. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment currently owns the rights to the franchise and rebooted it in 2011. The development of the first game was originally based on an idea that Ed Boon and John Tobias had of making a video game starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, but as that idea fell through, a fantasy-horror themed fighting game titled Mortal Kombat was created instead. The original game has spawned many sequels and has spun a media franchise consisting of several action-adventure games, films (animated and live-action with its own sequel), and television series (animated and live-action). Other spin-offs include comic book series, a card game, and a live-action tour. Along with Capcom's Street Fighter and Bandai Namco Entertainment's Tekken, Mortal Kombat has become one of the most successful fighting franchises in the history of video games. As of June 2000, the franchise had generated $5 billion in revenue,[1] making it one of the highest-grossing media franchise of all time.

The series has a reputation for high levels of bloody violence, including, most notably, its Fatalities (finishing moves, requiring a sequence of button inputs to perform). The Fatalities, in part, led to the creation of the ESRB video game rating system. The series name itself is also known for using the letter "K" in place of "C" for the hard C sound, thus intentionally misspelling the word "combat", as well as other words with the hard C sound within later games in the series. Early games in this series were also noted for their realistic digitized sprites (which differentiated it from its contemporaries' hand-drawn sprites) and an extensive use of palette swapping to create new characters.

Gameplay

Mortal Kombat II arcade cabinet's gameplay control board

The original three games and their updates, Mortal Kombat (1992), Mortal Kombat II (1993), Mortal Kombat 3 (1995), Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 (1995), and Mortal Kombat Trilogy (1996), were styled in a 2D fighting fashion. The first two of them were played in the arcades with a joystick and five buttons: high punch, low punch, high kick, low kick, and block. Mortal Kombat 3 and its updates added a sixth "run" button.[2] Characters in the early Mortal Kombat games play virtually identically to one another, with the only major differences being their special moves.[3] Through the 1990s, the developer and publisher Midway Games would keep their single styled fighting moves with four attack buttons for a different array of punches and kicks and blocks. Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance changed this by differentiating characters normal moves and even giving them multiple fighting styles. Beginning in Deadly Alliance and until Mortal Kombat: Deception, the characters would have three fighting styles per character: two unarmed styles, and one weapon style.[4] Few exceptions to this arose in Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, such as monster-like boss characters like Moloch and Onaga who would have only one fighting style.[5] While most of the styles used in the series are based on real martial arts, some are entirely fictitious.[6] Goro's fighting styles, for example, are designed to take advantage of the fact that he has four arms. For Armageddon, fighting styles were reduced to a maximum of two per character (generally one hand-to-hand combat style and one weapon style) due to the sheer number of playable characters.[5] Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe dropped the multiple fighting style trend altogether in favor of giving each character a much wider variety of special moves,[7] but some characters still use multiple fighting styles.[8] 2011's Mortal Kombat returned to a single 2D fighting plane although characters are rendered in 3D;[9] unlike previous MK games, each of the controller's four attack buttons corresponds to one of the character's limbs, the buttons thus becoming front punch, back punch, front kick and back kick (front and back indicating the limb closer to and farther from the opponent, respectively).

According to Mortal Kombat co-creator Ed Boon, "since the beginning, one of the things that's separated us from other fighting games is the crazy moves we've put in it, like fireballs and all the magic moves, so to speak."[10] When asked if Capcom's Street Fighter series would ever do a crossover game with Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono called Mortal Kombat a very different game from Street Fighter.[11][12] Capcom's senior director of communications compared Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat by asking if the interviewer preferred the "precision and depth" of Street Fighter or the "gore and comedy" of Mortal Kombat; he also stated that the Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat rivalry was considered similar to the Coke and Pepsi rivalry in the 1990s.[13] Senior producer of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, Hans Lo, himself also called Street Fighter "a little more cartoonic fantasy" in comparison to Mortal Kombat.[14] In 2013, Boon named the hypothetical "MKvsSF" as his dream crossover game.[15] In 2014, Boon said his team has remained in touch with Capcom, but no one could resolve the incompatibility problem of Mortal Kombat being much more brutal than Street Fighter.[16]

Mortal Kombat: Deception and Mortal Kombat: Armageddon feature "Konquest", a free-roaming action-adventure mode that significantly expanded on the single-player experience. Both games also include distinct minigame modes such "Chess Kombat", an action-strategy game similar to Archon. Two other bonus minigames, "Puzzle Kombat" inspired by Puzzle Fighter and "Motor Kombat" inspired by Mario Kart, feature super deformed versions of Mortal Kombat characters.[2] The games also contain various unlockable content and hidden "cheats".[17]

Finishing moves

Kung Lao's "Razor's Edge" fatality being performed on Mileena in 2011's Mortal Kombat. NetherRealm Studios' Ed Boon described it as possibly the most painful-looking finishing move in the series yet[18] and promised these in the next game to be more extreme than ever[19]
I think [Mortal Kombat] represents the difference in philosophy. [....] So in Street Fighter when you're playing it's the moment to moment gameplay that should be the best, whether you win or lose doesn't really matter. Whereas in Mortal Kombat the fighting and playing is just a pathway to get to the result – it's the Fatality you want to see and you almost want to skip the fighting bit and get to the Fatality because that is the result.[20]

—Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono

The defining and best-known feature of the Mortal Kombat series is its finishing move system called Fatality. An original idea behind it was to give gamers a free hit at the end of the fight.[21] The basic Fatalities are finishing moves that allow the victorious characters to end a match in a special way by murdering their defeated, defenseless opponents in a gruesome manner, usually in the predefined ways exclusive for the given character. The only exception from this is Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, which instead features the Kreate-A-Fatality, allowing the players to perform their own Fatalities by conducting a series of violent moves chosen from a pool that is common for all characters.[2][22]

Other finishing moves in the various Mortal Kombat games include Animalities (introduced in Mortal Kombat 3) turning a victor into an animal to violently finish off the opponent;[23] Brutality (introduced in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3) which is bashing an opponent into pieces with a long combo of hits; and Stage Fatalities/Death Traps (introduced in the original Mortal Kombat Pit Stage where the victor can uppercut their opponent off of the platform into a bed of spikes below, and later made more difficult in Mortal Kombat II by requiring specific and different button sequences to be pressed) utilizing parts of certain stages to execute a lethal finishing move (such as a pool of acid). Mortal Kombat: Deception added the Hara-Kiri, a self-Fatality allowing the losers to engage in a suicide-based finishing move (enabling a possible race between both players to see if the winning player can finish off the losing player before the losing character can kill himself or herself first).[21][24]

There are also some non-violent finishing moves in the series. Friendship moves, introduced in Mortal Kombat II and resulting in displays of friendship towards the enemy instead of slaughter,[25] were made as a comical response to the attention the series gathered due to its violent content.[21] Also introduced in MKII was the Babality, which turns the opponent into a baby and is humorous in the same vein.[25] Mortal Kombat 3 marked the first appearance of the Mercy, where the victor restores a minimal amount of the opponent's health bar and the fight then resumes; the player must perform a Mercy to be able to perform an Animality.[23]

Plot

The series takes place in a fictional universe consisting of eighteen surviving realms which, according to in-game backstories, were created by the Elder Gods. The Mortal Kombat: Deception manual described six of the realms as: "Earthrealm, home to such legendary heroes as Liu Kang, Kung Lao, Sonya Blade, Johnny Cage, and Jax, and also under the protection of the Thunder God Raiden; Netherrealm, the fiery depths of which are inhospitable to all but the most vile, a realm of demons and shadowy warriors such as Quan Chi and Noob Saibot; Outworld, a realm of constant strife which Emperor Shao Kahn claims as his own; Seido, the Realm of Order, whose inhabitants prize structure and order above all else; the Realm of Chaos, whose inhabitants do not abide by any rules whatsoever, and where constant turmoil and change are worshipped; and Edenia, which is known for its beauty, artistic expression, and the longevity of its inhabitants."[26][27] The Elder Gods decreed that the denizens of one realm could only conquer another realm by defeating the defending realm's greatest warriors in ten consecutive Mortal Kombat tournaments.

The first Mortal Kombat game takes place in Earthrealm (Earth) where seven different warriors with their own reasons for entering participated in the tournament with the eventual prize being the continued freedom of their realm, threatened with a takeover by Outworld. Among the established warriors were Liu Kang, Johnny Cage and Sonya Blade. With the help of the thunder god Raiden, the Earthrealm warriors were victorious and Liu Kang became the new champion of Mortal Kombat.[28] In Mortal Kombat II, unable to deal with his minion Shang Tsung's failure, Outworld Emperor Shao Kahn lures the Earthrealm warriors to the Outworld where the Earthrealm warriors eventually defeat Shao Kahn. By the time of Mortal Kombat 3, Shao Kahn revives Edenia's (now a part of his Outworld domain) former queen Sindel in Earthrealm, combining it with Outworld as well. He then attempts to invade Earthrealm but is ultimately defeated by the Earthrealm warriors again. After Kahn's defeat, Edenia was freed from Kahn's grasp and returned to a peaceful realm, ruled by Princess Kitana. The following game, Mortal Kombat 4, features the former elder god Shinnok attempting to conquer the realms and attempting to kill the thunder god Raiden. However, he is also defeated by the Earthrealm warriors.

In Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance, the evil sorcerers Quan Chi and Shang Tsung join forces to conquer the realms. By Mortal Kombat: Deception, after several fights, the sorcerers emerge victorious having killed most of Earthrealms' warriors until Raiden steps forth to oppose them. The Dragon King Onaga, who had been freed by Reptile at the end of Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance,[29] had deceived Shujinko into searching for six pieces of Kamidogu,[27] the source of Onaga's power. Onaga then confronted the alliance of Raiden, Shang Tsung, and Quan Chi and thus obtained Quan Chi's amulet,[30] the final piece of his power. Only a few warriors remained to combat against the Dragon King and his forces. Shujinko eventually triumphed over the Dragon King and removed his threat to the Mortal Kombat universe.[31]

In Mortal Kombat: Armageddon the catastrophe known as Armageddon starts. Centuries before the first Mortal Kombat, Queen Delia foretold the realms would be destroyed because the power of all warriors from all the realms would rise to such greatness it would overwhelm and destabilize the realms, triggering an all-destructive chain of events. King Argus had his sons, Taven, and Daegon, put into incubation who would one day be awakened to save the realms from Armageddon by defeating a firespawn known as Blaze. In the end, however, Shao Kahn is the one who defeats Blaze, causing Armageddon.[32]

In Mortal Kombat (2011), it is revealed that the battle between the warriors of the six realms culminated into only two survivors: Shao Kahn and Raiden. Badly beaten, Raiden had only one last move he could make to prevent Shao Kahn from claiming the power of Blaze. He sends last-ditch visions of the entire course of the Mortal Kombat timeline to himself in the past right before the tenth Mortal Kombat tournament (first game). This transfer of information to his former self causes a rift in time, causing a new "reboot" timeline to be introduced that splits off from the original Armageddon timeline, with a new outcome of Mortal Kombat history to be written. But this story leads to even worse unforeseen events. It ends with many of the main game characters dying at the hands of Queen Sindel and Raiden accidentally killing Liu Kang in self-defense. Eventually, the Elder Gods aid Raiden in killing Shao Kahn and saving Earthrealm. But as the scene goes on it is later revealed that this was all a plan by Shinnok and Quan Chi.

Mortal Kombat X sees Shinnok and Quan Chi enacting their plan, leading an army of undead revenants of those that were killed in Shao Kahn's invasion against the realms. A team of warriors led by Raiden, Johnny Cage, and Sonya Blade oppose Shinnok, and in the ensuing battle, Shinnok is imprisoned, Quan Chi escapes, and various warriors are resurrected and freed from Shinnok's thrall. Twenty-five years later, Quan Chi resurfaces and allies himself with the insect-like D'Vorah in manipulating events that lead to Shinnok's release. Though Quan Chi is killed by a vengeful Scorpion in the process, Shinnok resumes his assault against the realms. After a grueling, protracted battle, Shinnok is defeated by Cassandra Cage representing the next generation of Earthrealm's warriors. With both Quan Chi and Shinnok gone, the undead revenants of Liu Kang and Kitana assume control of the Netherrealm and Lord Raiden now protects the Earthrealm not defensively but offensively with the help of the remaining revenants.

Characters

Cosplayers of Kitana, Reptile, and Sonya Blade at Dragon Con 2012

The series features scores of player characters (64 as of 2012[33]), including Baraka, Cassie Cage, Cyrax, Ermac, Goro, Jade, Jax Briggs, Johnny Cage, Kabal, Kano, Kenshi, Kitana, Kung Lao, Kurtis Stryker, Liu Kang, Mileena, Motaro, Nightwolf, Noob Saibot, Quan Chi, Raiden, Rain, Reptile, Scorpion, Sektor, Shang Tsung, Shao Kahn, Sheeva, Shinnok, Sindel, Smoke, Sonya Blade, and Sub-Zero. Among them are Earth's humans and cyborgs, good and evil deities, and denizens of Outworld and other realms. There are also some guest and crossover characters, such as several DC Universe heroes and villains, as well as Alien (Xenomorph) from Alien, Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street, Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th, Kratos from God of War, Leatherface from Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and the Predator from Predator.

Development history

Timeline of release years
1992Mortal Kombat
1993Mortal Kombat II
1994
1995Mortal Kombat 3
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3
1996Mortal Kombat Trilogy
1997Mortal Kombat 4
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero
1998
1999Mortal Kombat Gold
2000Mortal Kombat: Special Forces
2001
2002Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance
2003Mortal Kombat: Tournament Edition
2004Mortal Kombat: Deception
2005Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks
2006Mortal Kombat: Armageddon
Mortal Kombat: Unchained
2007Ultimate Mortal Kombat
2008Mortal Kombat Vs. DC Universe
2009
2010
2011Mortal Kombat (Reboot)
Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection
2012Mortal Kombat: Komplete Edition
2013
2014
2015Mortal Kombat X
2016Mortal Kombat XL

Origins

Mortal Kombat started development in 1991 with only four people: Ed Boon (programming), John Tobias and John Vogel (graphics), and Dan Forden (sound design).[34][35] Originally, Boon and Tobias were approached to create a video game adaptation of the 1992 film Universal Soldier[36] starring martial arts film actor Jean-Claude Van Damme, with a digitized version of the action star fighting villains.[37] Intending to make a game "a lot more hard edge, a little bit more serious, a little bit more like Enter the Dragon or Bloodsport" than Street Fighter II's cartoon fantasy style,[38] Boon and Tobias decided to continue their project even after the deal to use the Bloodsport license fell through.[39] One of their own characters, Johnny Cage, became "a spoof on the whole Van Damme situation".[36]

Mortal Kombat didn't rely on just good looks and gore for its success. Although the intense gore was a great way to attract attention, Mortal Kombat offered another side – an often-overlooked side – that kept people coming back for more: its storyline, including the uniquely different kind of gameplay as far as the fighting system within itself.[40]

—GameSpot

John Tobias said that his inspirations for the game's story and characters came from the Chinese mythology and some of the stories and rumored events about the Shaolin monks.[36] Regarding the film Big Trouble in Little China, Tobias wrote that although this movie "kind of Americanized my obsession for supernatural kung fu films from China, it was not my biggest influence. My biggest influences came from Tsui Hark films -- Zu Warriors & The Swordsman. We had to get them from bootleggers in Chicago's Chinatown."[41] Tobias' writing and artistic input on the series ended in 1997, after the release of Mortal Kombat 3. Fifteen years later, he said: "I knew exactly what I was going to do with a future story. A few years ago I [wrote] a sort of sequel to the first MK film and an advancement to the game's mythological roots. The goal was to not runaway from what came before with a retelling, but to move the themes forward. I did it for fun as an exercise in screenwriting, but it felt good to get that out of my system."[42]

Ed Boon recalled that for six out of the eight months while they were in production of the original Mortal Kombat, "nobody could come up with a name nobody didn't hate". Some of the names suggested included "Kumite", "Dragon Attack", "Death Blow" and just "Fatality". Someone had written down "combat" on the drawing board for the names in Boon's office and then someone wrote a K over the C, according to Boon, "just to be kind of weird". Steve Ritchie, a pinball designer at that time, was sitting in Boon's office and saw the word "Kombat" and said to Boon, 'Why don't you name it Mortal Kombat?' and that name "just stuck".[43] Since then, the series uses the letter "K" in place of "C" for various words containing the hard C sound. According to Boon, during the MK games' development they usually spell the words correctly and only "korrect it" when one of the developers points out they should do it.[44]

Graphics

Screenshot of a fight between Johnny Cage and Raiden (played by Daniel Pesina and Carlos Pesina) in 1992's game

The characters of the original Mortal Kombat and its initial sequels were created using digitized sprites mostly based on filmed actors, as opposed to drawn graphics.[45] Early Mortal Kombat games were known for their extensive use of palette swap, a practice of re-coloring certain sprites to appear as different characters which was used for the ninja characters. In fact, many of the most popular characters have originated as simple palette swaps.[46] In the very first game, the male ninja fighters were essentially the same character; only the colors of their attire, fighting stance, and special techniques indicated the difference.[46] Later games added other ninjas based on the same model, as well as several female ninja color swap characters initially also using just one base model (beginning with Kitana in Mortal Kombat II). All of them gradually became very different characters in the following installments of the series.

Mortal Kombat 4 brought the series into 3D, replacing the digitized fighters of previous games with polygon models animated using motion capture technology.[47]

Hidden content

Mortal Kombat included secret characters, secret games, and other Easter eggs. For example, there is a hidden non-playable character in MK1 (Reptile), and three of them in MK2. Popular characters of Reptile and Jade were originally introduced as hidden enemies, becoming playable after returning in subsequent games. Also, there is a hidden game of Pong in Mortal Kombat II,[48] and Mortal Kombat 3 includes a hidden game of Galaga.[23] Many extras in the series have only been accessible through very challenging, demanding, and sometimes coincidental requirements. The Sega Mega Drive/Genesis versions contains some unique eggs, such as "Fergality".[49] The Sega Mega-CD version also contained an additional code (known as the "Dad's Code"), which changed the names of the fighters to that of characters from the classic BBC comedy series Dad's Army.[50]

Some Easter eggs originated from in-jokes between members of the development team. One example is "Toasty", which found its way into the game in the form of a small image of sound designer Dan Forden, who would appear in the corner of the screen during gameplay (after performing an uppercut) and yell the phrase "Toasty!" This egg was also the key to unlocking the hidden character Smoke when it happened in the Portal stage.[48] In Mortal Kombat 4, Forden would say "Toasty! 3D!" after Scorpion did his burn Fatality, a reference to the fact that it is the first 3D game of the series.[51] "Toasty!" is also found in Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, appearing randomly after the character pulls off a chain of hits, though the picture of Forden was removed for that title,[52] but brought back for the 2011 Mortal Kombat game.

Yet another private joke was the hidden character Noob Saibot, who has appeared in various versions of the game starting with Mortal Kombat II. The character's name derived from two of the series' creators' surnames, Ed Boon and John Tobias, spelled backwards.[53] In addition, a counter for ERMACS on the game's audits screen (ERMACS being short for error macros), was interpreted by some players as a reference to a hidden character in the original Mortal Kombat. The development team decided to turn the rumor into reality, introducing Ermac in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 as an unlockable secret character.[54][55] The character Mokap, introduced in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance, is a tribute to Carlos Pesina, who played Raiden in MK and MKII and has served as a motion capture actor for subsequent titles in the series.[56]

Media

Video games

Overview over titles and versions in the Mortal Kombat series
Title Release Original platform Ports Notes
Mortal Kombat1992ArcadeVariousThe original Mortal Kombat game.
Mortal Kombat II1993ArcadeVariousSequel to Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat 31995ArcadeVariousSequel to Mortal Kombat II.
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 31995ArcadeVariousAn update of MK3.
Mortal Kombat Trilogy1996PS1, N64, SaturnMicrosoft Windows, Game.com, R-ZoneAn update of UMK3.
Mortal Kombat 41997ArcadePS1, N64, Microsoft WindowsSequel to Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero1997PS1, N64N/AAn action-adventure spin-off about Sub-Zero. Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat Gold1999DreamcastN/AAn update of MK4.
Mortal Kombat: Special Forces2000PS1N/AAn action-adventure spin-off about Jax. Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat: Advance2001GBAN/AAn port of UMK3
Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance2002PS2, GCN, XboxGBA (2003)Sequel to Mortal Kombat 4.
Mortal Kombat: Tournament Edition2003GBAN/AOne of two GBA versions of Deadly Alliance.
Mortal Kombat: Deception2004PS2, GCN, XboxN/ASequel to Deadly Alliance.
Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks2005PS2, XboxN/AAn action-adventure spin-off about Liu Kang and Kung Lao set in an alternate timeline between MK and MKII.
Mortal Kombat: Armageddon2006PS2, XboxWii (2007)Sequel to Deception and the final title of the original main series.
Mortal Kombat: Unchained2006PSPN/AThe PSP version of Deception.
Ultimate Mortal Kombat2007NDSN/AAnother port of UMK3.
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe2008PS3, X360N/AA non-canonical crossover title set in an alternate timeline between MKII and MK3.
Mortal Kombat (2011)2011PS3, Xbox 360PS Vita (2012)Reboot story combining Mortal Kombat, Mortal Kombat II, and Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection2011PSN, XBLAMicrosoft Windows (2012)Includes MK, MKII and UMK3.
Mortal Kombat: Komplete Edition2012PS3, Xbox 360Microsoft Windows (2013)Re-release of Mortal Kombat (2011) including its downloadable content.
Mortal Kombat X2015PS4, Xbox One[57]Android, iOSA sequel to the 2011 game.
Mortal Kombat XL 2016PS4, Xbox OneMicrosoft WindowsRe-release of Mortal Kombat X including its downloadable content.

Fighting games

The original Mortal Kombat game was released for arcade machines during October 1992, having since been ported to several console and home computer systems by Probe Software and released by Acclaim Entertainment.[58] The sequel, Mortal Kombat II, was released for arcades in 1993, featuring an increased roster and improved graphics and gameplay, then ported to the numerous home systems in 1993-1995 by Probe Entertainment and Sculptured Software, released again by Acclaim; it was rereleased in 2007 for the PlayStation 3.[59] Mortal Kombat 3 followed in 1995 in both arcade and home versions.[60] MK3 got two updates which expanded the number of characters and other features from the game: Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3, published that same year,[61] and Mortal Kombat Trilogy the next year.[62] The following game, Mortal Kombat 4, was released in 1997, marked the jump of the series to 3D rendered graphics instead of the series' previously staple digitized 2D graphics. Mortal Kombat 4 was ported to the PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows. An update of MK4 titled Mortal Kombat Gold was released exclusively for the Dreamcast in 1999.

While to this point Mortal Kombat games were only titled with their installment number, starting with Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance in 2002, the series' naming scheme changed to favor the use of sub-titles instead.[63] It was also at this point that the series started being targeted at consoles only, with Mortal Kombat 4 being the last game in the series to ever be released for the arcades. Deadly Alliance was released initially for the Xbox, PlayStation 2 (PS2) and GameCube.[64][65][66] Deadly Alliance was also the first Mortal Kombat game to feature fully 3D gameplay, where up to Mortal Kombat 4 the gameplay had stayed in a 2D plane; this trend would continue for the following two games. The next sequel was the 2004 Mortal Kombat: Deception, released for the PS2, Xbox and GameCube.[67][68][69] Its port for the PlayStation Portable, Mortal Kombat: Unchained, was developed by Just Games Interactive in 2006.[70] Mortal Kombat: Armageddon was published in the same year for the PS2, Xbox, and in 2007 on the Wii.[71][72][73] In 2008, Midway released the Mortal Kombat Kollection, an anthology of the three then-most recent titles to the main franchise: Mortal Kombat: Deception, Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, and Mortal Kombat: Armageddon.[74] Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, a crossover between the Mortal Kombat franchise and DC Universe released in 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[75][76]

A ninth game in the series, a reboot titled simply Mortal Kombat, was developed by former Midway Games Chicago,[77] now owned by Warner Bros. Games and renamed as NetherRealm Studios. It was first released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011, and was ported for the PlayStation Vita in 2012 and for the Microsoft Windows in 2013. A sequel, Mortal Kombat X was released in April 2015 on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. Ed Boon has stated that he would like to do an Mortal Kombat/Killer Instinct crossover game for the Xbox One.[78][79]

Action-adventure games

Besides the fighting games, there are three action titles that work as spin-offs from the Mortal Kombat storyline. Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero was released in 1997 for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64;[80][81] its story is focused on the first incarnation character of Sub-Zero and is focused in the timeline of before the first Mortal Kombat game. The next action game was Mortal Kombat: Special Forces released in 2000 for the PlayStation; it is an action game starring Major Jackson Briggs in his mission to destroy the Black Dragon.[82] Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks was released in 2005 for the PS2 and the Xbox; starring Liu Kang and Kung Lao and telling an alternate version of the events between the first and second Mortal Kombat games. A similar game titled Mortal Kombat: Fire & Ice, which would star Scorpion and again Sub-Zero, was canceled when Paradox Development (Midway Studios – Los Angeles), the creators of Shaolin Monks, "couldn’t do it in time and under budget".[83]

Other media

Films

Mortal Kombat was adapted into two major motion pictures, Mortal Kombat (1995), and Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997), both co-developed by Threshold Entertainment and released by New Line Cinema (eventual corporate sibling, and later label, of Mortal Kombat rights holder Warner Bros.). Neither film was screened for critics prior to theatrical release. The first movie was released on August 18, 1995, grossing $23 million on its first weekend.[84] Mortal Kombat, despite mixed reviews from critics, became a financial success, eventually grossing $70 million in the U.S. (and over $122 million worldwide) and gaining a cult following from fans of the series while jump starting the Hollywood career of its director Paul W. S. Anderson.[85] That momentum did not carry over into John R. Leonetti's Annihilation, however, which suffered from a poor reception by critics and fans alike, grossing only $36 million in the U.S. and $51 million worldwide, compared to the first movie's worldwide intake of $122 million.[86]

In 2010, director Kevin Tancharoen released an eight-minute Mortal Kombat short film titled Mortal Kombat: Rebirth,[87] made as a proof of concept for Tancharoen's pitch of a reboot movie franchise to Warner Brothers.[88] Tancharoen later confirmed that while the short is entirely unofficial, it does feature the writing of Oren Uziel, who was rumored to be writing the screenplay for the third Mortal Kombat movie.[89] In 2011, New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. announced that Tancharoen has signed on to direct the reboot from a screenplay written by Uziel.[90] In October 2013, however, Tancharoen left the project to pursue "other creative opportunities".[91] In 2015, James Wan signed-on to produce the reboot film;[92] Wan said he would not rush it.[93] In 2016, Simon McQuoid was reported to be in talks to direct the reboot.[94]

Literature

Several Mortal Kombat comic books were based on the video game series, including the official Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat II comic books created by Tobias and advertised in the attract modes on early versions of the first two games. In 1994, Malibu Comics launched an official MK comic book series, spawning two six-issue series ("Blood and Thunder" and "Battlewave"), along with several miniseries and one-shot special issues dedicated to specific characters, until its publication ended in August 1995. Two more comics were also made as tie-ins for Mortal Kombat 4 and the DC Universe crossover game[95] and a new miniseries was published prior to the release of Mortal Kombat X in 2015. Jeff Rovin penned a novelization of the first Mortal Kombat game, which was published in June 1995 in order to coincide with the release of the movie.[96] Novelizations of both Mortal Kombat movies were written by Martin Delrio and Jerome Preisler.

Music

Mortal Kombat: The Album, a techno album based on the first game was created for Virgin America by Lords of Acid members Praga Khan and Oliver Adams as The Immortals in 1994.[97] Its iconic theme "Techno Syndrome", incorporating the "Mortal Kombat!" yell first shown in the Mortal Kombat commercial for home systems, was first released in 1993 as a single and was also used as a theme music for the Mortal Kombat film series. Each movie had their own soundtracks (including the hit and award-winning compilation album Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), as had the second video game (Mortal Kombat II: Music from the Arcade Game Soundtrack). The 2011 video game saw the release of Mortal Kombat: Songs Inspired by the Warriors, a new soundtrack album featuring electronic music by various artists.

Television

The franchise sparked two television series by New Line Television: the 1996 cartoon Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm and the 1998 live-action series Mortal Kombat: Conquest, both of them co-developed by Threshold Entertainment. Neither series ran for more than one season.[98] In 2010, Warner Premiere ordered a web series inspired by the Rebirth short, titled Mortal Kombat: Legacy and also directed by Kevin Tancharoen.[99] The series' first season was released for free on YouTube starting in April 2011, promoted by Machinima.com,[100] and the second season arrived in 2013. In 2014, Warner Bros and Blue Ribbon are developing a live-action untitled Mortal Kombat series that was to tie in with Mortal Kombat X for a planned 2016 release.[101][102][103]

Other media

An animated prequel to the first movie, titled Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins, was released direct-to-video in 1995.[98] The stage show Mortal Kombat: Live Tour was launched at the end of 1995, expanded to 1996, and featured Mortal Kombat characters in a theatrical display on stage. Brady Games produced the collectible card game Mortal Kombat Kard Game in 1996.[104] Score Entertainment's 2005 collectible card game Epic Battles also used some of the Mortal Kombat characters.

Reception

Aggregate review scores
As of April 27, 2011.
Game GameRankings Metacritic
Mortal Kombat (1992) (GEN) 84.17%[105]
(SNES) 83.33%[106]
(SCD) 60.00%[107]
(GB) 42.17%[108]		 –
Mortal Kombat II (SNES) 85.87%[109]
(GEN) 85.62%[110]
(PS3) 68.40%[111]
(GB) 64.50%[112]
(SAT) 57.50%[113]		 (PS3) 72[114]
Mortal Kombat 3 (SNES) 80.23%[115]
(GEN) 76.67%[116]
(PS1) 70.33%[117]		 –
Mortal Kombat 4 (N64) 76.07%[118]
(PS1) 75.75%[119]
(PC) 72.14%[120]
(DC) 54.97%[121]
(GBC) 46.00%[122]		 –
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero (PS1) 53.20%[123]
(N64) 44.84%[124]		 –
Mortal Kombat: Special Forces (PS1) 40.23%[125] (PS1) 28[126]
Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance (GBA) 84.63%[127]
(Xbox) 82.68%[128]
(PS2) 81.99%[129]
(GC) 81.82%[130]		 (GBA) 81[131]
(Xbox) 81[132]
(GC) 81[133]
(PS2) 79[134]
Mortal Kombat: Deception (PS2) 82.00%[135]
(Xbox) 81.31%[136]
(GC) 77.43%[137]
(PSP) 70.88%[138]		 (PS2) 81[139]
(Xbox) 81[140]
(GC) 77[141]
(PSP) 70[142]
Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks (Xbox) 80.64%[143]
(PS2) 78.70%[144]		 (Xbox) 78[145]
(PS2) 77[146]
Mortal Kombat: Armageddon (Xbox) 77.39%[147]
(PS2) 75.33%[148]
(Wii) 72.49%[149]		 (Xbox) 77[150]
(PS2) 75[151]
(Wii) 71[152]
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe (PS3) 77.87%[153]
(X360) 74.55%[154]		 (PS3) 76[155]
(X360) 72[156]
Mortal Kombat (2011) (Vita) 87.31%[157]
(PS3) 86.09%[158]
(X360) 85.67%[159]		 (X360) 86[160]
(Vita) 85[160]
(PS3) 84[161]
Mortal Kombat X (XONE) 85.97%[162]
(PS4) 84.18%[163]
(PC) 75.20%[164]		 (XONE) 86[165]
(PS4) 83[166]
(PC) 76[167]

Sales

Mortal Kombat has been one of the most successful fighting game franchises in video game history only trailing Tekken and Street Fighter.[168] The previous two Mortal Kombat games have been NetherRealm Studio's best selling games with Mortal Kombat(2011) at six million dollars and Mortal Kombat X at 5 million dollars.[169] Ed Boon reported that the Mortal Kombat games have sold 26 million copies by 2007,[34] and the number has reportedly reached over 30 million by 2012.[170] As of April 2015, after the release of Mortal Kombat X, the franchise had sold 35 million units.[171] A particularly successful game was Mortal Kombat II, which had unprecedented opening week sales figures never seen before in the video game industry, for the first time beating the box office numbers of summer hit films.[172] The Franchise generated more than 4 billion by the late 1990s.[173]`

Ratings, reviews, and awards

The 2008 edition of Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition awarded the Mortal Kombat series with seven world records, including "most successful fighting game series".[174] The franchise holds ten world records in the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, including the "largest promotional campaign for a fighting video game" (Mortal Kombat 3), "highest grossing film based on a beat ‘em up video game" (Mortal Kombat 1996), and "most successful video game spin-off soundtrack album" (Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack).[175]The franchise also had three games win the Best Fighting Game of the year award. In 2004, Mortal Kombat: Deception, in 2011 Mortal Kombat(2011), and in 2015 Mortal Kombat X.[176][177]

Numerous publications described it as one of the most important and also most violent series in the history of video games; in 2011, the staff of GameSpy wrote "its place in fighting game history is undeniable".[178] In 2009, GameTrailers ranked Mortal Kombat as the ninth top fighting game franchise[179] as well as the seventh bloodiest series of all time.[180] In 2012, Complex ranked Mortal Kombat as 37th best video game franchise overall, commenting on its "legendary status in video game history".[181] Mortal Kombat as a series was also ranked as the goriest video game ever by CraveOnline in 2009 and by G4tv.com in 2011;[182][183] including it on their list of the goriest games, Cheat Code Central commented that "Mortal Kombat had enough gore to simultaneously offend a nation and change gaming forever."[184]

Legacy and cultural impact

Influence on other games

According to IGN, during the 1990s "waves of imitators began to flood the market, filling arcades with a sea of blood from games like Time Killers, Survival Arts, and Guardians of the Hood. Mortal Kombat had ushered in an era of exploitation games, both on consoles and in arcades, all engaging in a battle to see who can cram the most blood and guts onto a low-res screen."[2] Notable Mortal Kombat clones, featuring violent finishing moves and/or digitized sprites, included Bio F.R.E.A.K.S., BloodStorm, Cardinal Syn, Catfight, Eternal Champions, Kasumi Ninja, Killer Instinct, Mace: The Dark Age, Primal Rage, Street Fighter: The Movie, Tattoo Assassins, Thrill Kill, Ultra Vortek, Way of the Warrior, and Midway's own War Gods.[185][186]

In a 2009 poll by GamePro, 21% of voters chose Mortal Kombat as their favorite fighting game series, ranking it third after Street Fighter and Tekken.[187] In 2012, Capcom's Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono said he is getting a lot of requests for Street Fighter vs. Mortal Kombat and understands why people want it, "but it's easier said than done. Having Chun Li getting her spine ripped out, or Ryu's head bouncing off the floor...it doesn't necessarily match."[188] In 2014, martial artist Frankie Edgar opined Mortal Kombat has been far superior to Street Fighter.[189]

Influence on society

The series and its characters are also referenced in the various other works of popular culture, such as in the title of Powerglove's debut album Metal Kombat for the Mortal Man and the Workaholics episode "Model Kombat". According to Complex in 2012, "Years ago, MK became a phenomenon far outside gaming circles alone. Its name has become recognizable enough to be name dropped on sitcoms (Malcolm in the Middle and Married... with Children), found in movies (Christian Slater plays MK4 in Very Bad Things), and used as part of cultural studies (see Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins' book From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer Games)."[38] It was also featured in the film Doom Generation. The name "Mortal Kombat" was even given to a dangerous illegal recreational drug that was introduced and caused multiple fatalities in early 2014.[190]

In 2012, John Tobias said: "If you look at any other pop culture phenomenon—like if you look at the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, for instance—it became popular at the time right around when Mortal Kombat became popular, and it had its highs and lows, and here they are once again talking about a major motion picture. That’s because of its place in pop culture. It’s always there for someone to pick up, polish off, blow the dust off of it, and re-release it. And Mortal Kombat will always be that way. It’ll be around 50 years from now."[191]

Competitive play

Fighting games have been a popular genre among tournaments since the late 90s. Mortal Kombat has its place in some of the world's biggest fighting game tournaments like Evo and Combo Breaker, as well as many local and online tournaments around the world. Since the 2011 Mortal Kombat game was released, the game has been one of the most popular games at these events. Between 2014 and 2017, however, the game was mostly absent from the tournament scene, due to NetherRealm Studios being focused on their Injustice series as their top priority.[192] The 2011 Mortal Kombat is expected to return to Combo Breaker in 2018.[193]

Controversies

The series was subject of a major video game controversy[194] and several court cases, largely related to its extremely violent content, especially in relation to the original game which paved a way for the introduction of the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) game rating system in 1994 as well as Australian Classification Board.[39][195][196][197][198] Various games in the series have been banned in a number of countries. SuperData Research CEO Joost van Dreunen said, "Because of the obvious rift between gamers on the one hand and adult society on the other, Mortal Kombat set the tone for what constituted gamer culture."[199]

See also

References

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  • Official website (Warner Bros.)
  • Mortal Kombat at MobyGames
  • "Mortal Kombat". TV Tropes.
  • The History of Mortal Kombat video series
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