Mongolian idiocy

The term Mongolian idiocy and similar terms have been used to refer to a specific type of mental deficiency associated with the genetic disorder now more commonly referred to as Down syndrome. The use of these terms has largely been abandoned because of their offensive and misleading implications about those with the disorder.

English physician John Langdon Down first characterized the syndrome that now bears his name as a separate form of mental disability in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866.[1][2][3] Due to his perception that children with Down syndrome shared facial similarities with the populations that Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described as the "Mongolian race", Down used the term mongoloid.[4][5] Mongolism and its Pathology was the title used by W. Bertram Hill for a published study in 1908[6] and the term mongolism was used by psychiatrist and geneticist Lionel Penrose as late as 1961.

The racist connotations of the term were both popularized and exacerbated by F. G. Crookshank in a long-discredited work of scientific racism entitled The Mongol in our Midst first published in 1924.

In 1961, a prestigious group of genetic experts wrote a joint letter to the medical journal The Lancet which read:

It has long been recognised that the terms Mongolian Idiocy, Mongolism, Mongoloid, etc. as applied to a specific type of mental deficiency have misleading connotations. The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned.[5][7][8][9]

The World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to abandon the term in 1965 at the request of the Mongolian People's Republic.[8] Despite several decades of inaction and resistance, the term thereafter began to fade from use, in favor of the term such as Down's Syndrome, Down syndrome and Trisomy 21 disorder. Steven J. Gould reported in 1980 that the term "mongolism" still remained in common use in the United States, despite its being "defamatory" and "wrong on all counts".[10] In the 21st century, all the older terms are considered unacceptable in the English-speaking world, are no longer in common use, and have been largely forgotten.[9] In French, mongolisme is still in common use in the media to refer to Down syndrome,[11][12] and mongol and mongolien are still used as ableist slurs.[13][14]

References

  1. ↑ Hickey, Fran; Hickey, Erin; Summar, Karen L. (2012). "Medical Update for Children With Down Syndrome for the Pediatrician and Family Practitioner". Advances in Pediatrics. 59 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006. ISSN 0065-3101.
  2. ↑ Down, JLH (1866). "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots". Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital. 3: 259–62. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
  3. ↑ O Conor, Ward (1998). John Langdon Down, 1828-1896: A Caring Pioneer. Royal Society of Medicine Press. ISBN 978-1853153747.
  4. ↑ Howard Reisner (2013). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-1-4511-8132-6.
  5. 1 2 Ward, O Conor (1999). "John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message". Down Syndrome Research and Practice. 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94. ISSN 0968-7912.
  6. ↑ Sir William Osler (1909). The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
  7. ↑ Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.
  8. 1 2 Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). "On the diagnostic term "Down's disease"". Medical History. 23 (1): 102–04. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048. PMC 1082401. PMID 153994.
  9. 1 2 Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio (2011-07-30). "Fifty years of evolution of the term Down's syndrome". Lancet. 378 (9789): 402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21803206.
  10. ↑ 1941-2002., Gould, Stephen Jay, (1980-01-01). The panda's thumb : more reflections in natural history. Norton. p. 168. ISBN 9780393013801. OCLC 781219337.
  11. ↑ Taillefer, Guy (6 November 2017). "Le choix de John McCain: une conservatrice pure et dure". Retrieved 12 January 2018 – via Le Devoir.
  12. ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". books.google.com. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Pilon-Larose, Hugo (17 June 2015). "Utilisation du mot « mongols » : la Société de la Trisomie-21 en colère, Radio-Canada s'excuse". La Presse.ca. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Benhaiem, Annabel (11 June 2016). ""Schizo", "autiste", "mongolien", faut-il bannir ces mots pour ne plus avoir peur des maladies mentales ?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.