Mokusatsu

Mokusatsu (黙殺) is a Japanese word meaning "ignore", "take no notice of" or "treat with silent contempt".[1][2][lower-alpha 1][4][5] It is composed of two kanji characters: 黙 (moku "silence") and 殺 (satsu "killing"). It is one of the terms frequently cited to argue that problems encountered by Japanese in the sphere of international politics arise from misunderstandings or mistranslations of their language.[6]

Usage

It was the adoption of this term by the government of Japan that first gave rise to the prominence of the word abroad. Mokusatsu was used in a response to the Allied demand in the Potsdam Declaration that Japan surrender unconditionally in World War II. It was understood to mean that Japan had rejected those terms, a perceived outright rejection that contributed to President Harry S. Truman's decision to carry out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,[7] implying that, in spurning the terms, Japan had brought down on its own head the destruction of those two cities.[8]

Premier Kantarō Suzuki used mokusatsu to dismiss the Allies' Potsdam Declaration in 1945, during World War II

The Allies were aware that within the Japanese government an attempt to reach a negotiated termination of hostilities had been underway, especially via diplomatic contacts with Moscow, which was still neutral. The Potsdam declaration presented one further occasion for mediation, but it was strongly opposed by the War Minister General Korechika Anami, with backing from the army and navy chiefs of staff, all demanding that the Declaration be rejected with a broadcast containing a point by point rebuttal. The Army also demanded that the public be kept unaware of the Declaration. In a compromise, the Foreign Minister Tōgō Shigenori gained a Cabinet consensus to have the Declaration translated and released to the public, but in a censored version that deleted mentions of an imminent "utter destruction of the Japanese homeland," "stern justice" for all war criminals, that disarmed soldiers would be allowed to return home to live constructive lives in peace, and comments about "self-willed military cliques."[9] The version given to the public was issued by the ' tightly controlled press' through the Dōmei News Service.[10]

In this form it appeared in the morning edition of the Asahi Shinbun on July 28, 1945, to designate the attitude assumed by the government to the Potsdam Declaration. This newspaper and others clearly stated that the ultimatum, which had not only been transmitted to the Japanese government diplomatically via Swiss intermediaries and but also to the Japanese public via radio and airdropped leaflets, was formally rejected by the Imperial Government. Later that day in a press conference, the Premier Suzuki Kantarō himself publicly used it to dismiss the Potsdam Declarations as a mere rehash (yakinaishi)[11] of earlier rejected Allied proposals, and therefore, being of no value.

Suzuki's actual words were:

My thinking is that the joint declaration is virtually the same as the earlier declaration. The government of Japan does not consider it having any crucial value. We simply mokusatsu suru. The only alternative for us is to be determined to continue our fight to the end.[2][12]

Suzuki apparently recognized that the Potsdam declaration flagged an intention to end a war which, in logistical terms, Japan was no longer capable of sustaining. However Article 6 stated that the militarists would be stripped of their authority and power forever, and the Japanese army was resolutely opposed to its own thorough dismantlement, and heavy pressure was brought to bear on the Prime Minister therefore to have him reject the declaration.[13]

Suzuki's stating that the declarations terms would be literally 'killed off by silent contempt'(mokusatsu) reflected this necessity of placating the extreme position of the army. John Toland also argued decades later that Suzuki's choice of the term was dictated more by the need to appease the military, which was hostile to the idea of "unconditional surrender", than to signal anything to the Allies.[7]

Although mokusatsu may not have been intended to communicate to the Allies a refusal to surrender, the Potsdam ultimatum nevertheless allowed for only one acceptable answer: unconditional surrender. Any other answer would, as the declaration warned, cause "prompt and utter destruction". It was only after the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs, two assassination attempts on the then Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō, an attempted military coup against the Emperor (the Kyūjō Incident), and a declaration of war by the Soviet Union that the Emperor himself broadcast acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, i.e., unconditional surrender, ending the Pacific War.

Postwar controversy

Some years after the war, it was claimed that it was questionable whether the Japanese press had acted on reliable government sources when they first announced the that the Declaration's terms had been rebuffed. This position was outlined in 1950 in an English article by Kazuo Kawai, who based his argument on notes and diaries written at the time, notes taken while he covered the discussions underway in Japan's Foreign Office regarding the Declaration. Kawai argued that both the choice of this term and the meaning given to it by Allied authorities led to a fatal 'tragedy of errors' involving both Japanese bureaucratic bungling and a 'deficiency in perception' by Japan's enemies.[14] Kawai's point was then taken up by William J. Coughlin in a widely read article for Harper's magazine three years later.[15][16]

In some reconstructions that espouse this interpretation, it is stated that it was probably Hasegawa Saiji, a translator for Dōmei Press, who translated this as: "The Japanese ignores this, and we are determined to continue our fight until the end" and the foreign press picked this up, taking "ignore" to mean "reject".[2]

The NSA Technical Journal published an article endorsing this view that the word's meaning was ambiguous in which readers are warned of the consequences of not making ambiguities clear when translating between languages.[17] It concluded:

Some years ago I recall hearing a statement known as "Murphy's Law" which says that "If it can be misunderstood, it will be." Mokusatsu supplies adequate proof of that statement. After all, if Kantarō Suzuki had said something specific like "I will have a statement after the cabinet meeting", or "We have not reached any decision yet", he could have avoided the problem of how to translate the ambiguous word mokusatsu and the two horrible consequences of its inauspicious translation: the atomic bombs and this essay.

To this day, the argument that mokusatsu was misunderstood, and that the misunderstanding interrupted a negotiation for a peaceful end to the war still resurfaces from time to time.[18][19] [20]

The consensus of modern historians is that the Allies had understood the word correctly. Chalmers Johnson wrote in 1980:

'Since the characters for mokusatsu mean 'silent kill,' most informed commentators believe that the Allies did not mistranslate Suzuki. If he really meant 'no comment,' that is not what he said -and mokusatsu does not imply it, even obliquely. However, the fact that the Japanese and Emmerson maintain that Suzuki's nuance was misunderstood illustrates the tendency of the Japanese to take refuge in alleged mistranslations.' [21]

Like Herbert Bix concluded:

'“No need to rush” directly contravened Article 5 of the Potsdam Declaration (“We shall brook no delay”) and as a position that further strengthened the contemporary Western analysis that, as of 28 July, the Japanese, following the leadership of their emperor, had neither reversed their decision, nor loosened their will to fight to the finish, while making vague overtures for peace on a separate track. Suzuki’s intention was not misunderstood.'[11]

Notes

  1. ↑ Per Verner Bickley, 'Language as the Bridge'[3]

Citations

  1. ↑ Butow 1967, pp. 142-149,145.
  2. 1 2 3 Rogers & Bartlit 2005, p. 307.
  3. ↑ Stephen Bochner (eds.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction, vol. 1 pp. 99–126 p. 108
  4. ↑ Paul Ham, Hiroshima Nagasaki, Random House, 2012 p. 261,
  5. ↑ Anthony James Nicholls, Semblance of Peace, Springer, 1974. p. 380.
  6. ↑ Johnson 1980, pp. 89-90, n.2.
  7. 1 2 Toland 2003, p. 774.
  8. ↑ Kawai, 1950 p.409.
  9. ↑ Kawai p.411
  10. ↑ Bix 1995, p. 295.
  11. 1 2 Bix 1995, p. 206.
  12. ↑ 帝国政府としては、米・英・重慶三国の共同声明に関しては、何等重大なる価値あるものに非ずしてこれを黙殺するであろう
  13. ↑ Makoto Iokibe, 'Japan Meets the United States for the Second Time,' Dasedalus, Vol. 119, No. 3, Showa: The Japan of Hirohito (Summer, 1990), pp. 91-106 p.96
  14. ↑ Kazuo Kawai, 'Mokusatsu, Japan's Response to the Potsdam Declaration,' Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1950), pp. 409-414.
  15. ↑ William J. Coughlin, 'The Great Mokusastsu Mistake,' Harper's Martch 1953 pp.31-40.
  16. ↑ Louis Morton, 'Soviet Intervention in the War with Japan,' Foreign Affairs, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Jul., 1962), pp. 653-662, p.661,n.28.
  17. ↑ Author Name Redacted 1968.
  18. ↑ Federico Zanettin, ‘The deadliest error’: translation, international relations and the news media The Translator Volume 22, 2016 - Issue 3 pp 303-318.
  19. ↑ Mark Polizzotti, 'Why Mistranslation Matters,' New York Times 28 July 2018
  20. ↑ Mark Polizzotti,Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto, MIT Press 2018 p.146
  21. ↑ Johnson 1980, pp. 89-90, n.1.

Sources

  • Butow, Robert (1967) [1954]. Japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford University Press.
  • Toland, John (2003) [1970]. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.
  • Bix, Herbert P. (Spring 1995). "Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation". 19 (2). Diplomatic History: 197–225.
  • Johnson, Chalmers (Winter 1980). "'Omote (Explicit) and Ura Implicit):Translating Japanese Political Terms,'". 6 (1). The Journal of Japanese Studies: 89–115.
  • Rogers, Everett M.; Bartlit, Nancy R. (2005). Silent Voices of World War II: When Sons of the Land of Enchantment Met Sons of the Land of the Rising Sun. Sunstone Press.
  • Author Name Redacted (1968). "Mokusatsu: One Word, Two Lessons" (PDF). NSA Technical Journal. XIII (4): 95–100. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
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