Miriam Stark

Cambodia

Beginning with her work co-directing the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project, in 1996, Stark has since conducted nine archaeological field seasons around Angkor Borei, between the years of 1996 and 2009. Her work actively blended research with student training, with over 50 students from various countries from Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, participating in the work.^[2] This work was centered on understanding why the Mekong Delta is critical to understanding Southeast Asian state formation. The Mekong Delta region was first noted in ancient Chinese accounts and may have been associated with the Funan kingdom. Stark stated that her goal in research conducted in this region was to "heighten public commitment to preserving the Cambodian archaeological heritage".^[3] Additionally, particularly in the Angkor Borei region, her goal was to better understand not only the impact of human beings on the landscape, but also political and economic organizations within the region.^[3]

Beginning in 2010, Miriam T. Stark joined the third phase of research investigating what was deemed the “demise of Angkor”. This research project was conducted by the University of Sydney and was labeled as the Greater Angkor Project.^[4] The study examined occupational patterning in the Greater Angkor region and focused on locations such as the Angkor Wat temple. In both 2010 and 2012, Stark worked as a GAP III co-investigator in the Greater Angkor region, testing habitations in an attempt to determine residence of Angkorian and Post-Angkorian societies. Locations studied and tested included but were not limited to Angkor Wat, Ta Prohm, Wat Athvea, and Wat Prei Einkosei.^[5] Prior to this research, very little work had been done in regards to the study of residence in these regions.

In 2013, more extensive work was done in the region with excavations conducted in and around Angkor Wat. This is of particular interest due to the utilization of LiDAR imaging to document the landscape.^[2]

Philippines

In 1987, Stark joined Bill Longacre's Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Project, located in the Pasil municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines.^[2] There, she focused her study on the village of Dalupa, a moderately-sized village within Pasil with about 400 villagers. In Dalupa, the practice of pottery-making is a part-time specilization for its female inhabitants.^[2] Her work examined the uses, distribution, and production of the pottery across Kalinga as well as the social boundaries, household economies, and technological shifts in the lives of Kalinga's residents.^[6]

Lower Mekong Archaeological Project (LOMAP)

Due to the Cold War turmoil from 1970 to 1989 and the Cambodian Civil War from 1967-1975, Cambodia's archaeological studies suffered from desecration as the country's archaeological community nearly disappeared completely. Field research and historic preservation activities had stopped. As the violence concluded, restoration has slowly taken place with the help of UNESCO, the World Monument's Heritage Fund, and specialists from around the world. Demand for local expertise in Cambodian archaeology was high, so training local Cambodian archaeologists for future generations has become increasingly urgent to Cambodia's archaeological sites.^[7]

One program to help increase local expertise is The Lower Mekong Archaeological Project (LOMAP), also known as the Cambodia Project. This project is an outgrowth from the University of Hawaii/East-West Center/Royal University of Fine Arts Cambodia Project originally created by Dr. Judy Ledgerwood in 1994. Miriam Stark co-directs this program and has refined it so that research is intertwined with training graduate students from the Royal University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh. The program integrates disciplines such as archaeology, cultural anthropology, and art history. The goal of LOMAP, which has been the Royal University of Fine Arts' primary goal for over a decade, is to provide academic and technical training for these graduates.^[8]

Luce Asian Archaeology Program

Stark directs the Luce Asian Archaeology Program (LAAP) at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, which was launched in July 2008. The project is funded by The Henry Luce Foundation's Luce Initiative on East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History as well as other participating entities of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. These include the Department of Anthropology, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Art & Art History, American Studies, History, Asian Studies, and Center for Chinese Studies.^[9]

The LAAP is primarily aimed toward helping archaeological professionals at the junior-level to develop the skills required for grant seeking and international collaborative research. The program has three specific objectives: to enhance the English skills of participating students, so it can lead to their international collaboration in the archaeological field; to provide archaeological training within the class setting to prepare students for a variety of subjects that enhance professional development; and to provide field experience after completing the academic training at the university through field training .^[10]

Greater Angkor Project III

From 2010 to 2014, Stark was involved with the Greater Angkor Project (GAP) Phase III, which was funded by the Discovery Project of the Australian Research Council.^[11] This project sought to investigate the habituation patterns of the Angkor civilization, which, as the capital of Khmer founded in the 9th century CE, was one of the world's biggest pre-industrial civilizations. The capital was abandoned around half a millennia ago; the period, rate, and processes of its collapse is largely unknown.^[11] Prior research had primarily focused on the inscriptions, monuments, and sculptures of Angkor; however, GAP III was focused more upon the habituation locations and well-known temple enclosures, including research done at Angkor Wat in 2013.^[12]

The three objectives of the project are:

1. To identify the ancestry of Angkor's spatial and social organization in the first millennium BCE.
2. To explore how the Angkor urban complex operated.
3. To discover how, when, and why the region was abandoned, and to explore its transformations through the 16th and 19th centuries which resulted in the modern landscape seen today.^[11]

Community Service

Miriam Stark has also served on the Committee on the Status of Women in Archaeology for the American Anthropological Association from 1997-2000 as well as multiple roles for the Society of American Archaeology, including Committee on Meetings Development, Committee for Excellence in Archaeological Research and Analysis, and Board Member at Large.^[2] From 2013-2016, Stark served on the Cultural Heritage Policy Committee of the Archaeological Institute of America, which primarily based its focus on the area of Southeast Asia.^[2] The committee sought to stop global trafficking of illegal artifacts, particularly of pre-Angkorian and Angkorian art in Cambodia.^[13]

She is a member of the Society for American Archaeology, the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Sigma Xi, Phi Beta Kappa, American Anthropological Association, American Women in Science, Archaeological Institute of America, and the American Association of University Women

Teaching

Stark serves as undergraduate advisor in the department of anthropology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and has served in university service roles for the UHM College of Social Sciences Research Council, UHM/CSEAS Foreign Language Area Fellowships Committee, and the UHM Center for Southeast Asian Studies Executive Board. She teaches introductory courses in the four field approach of anthropology, in addition to archaeological courses such as Archaeological Theory and Interpretation, and Landscape Archaeology. Her emphasis on Southeast Asia is present in courses such as Southeast Asian Archaeology, Asian Archaeology, and East Asian Archaeology.^[14]

Miriam Stark advises graduate students as well as Ph.D candidates specializing in Southeast Asia, particularly in research involved in Cambodian and the Philippines. As recently as February 2018, Stark has conducted several lectures regarding Angkorian Khmers in the Mekong Delta at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Southern California (USC) and various other institutions.^[15]

Spreading the Research

Dr. Stark has contributed to a lot of research in Southeast Asia, so in order to spread the word, she gives lectures about her team's findings. Stark and her team have done extensive research in Angkor, and have actively gone out to teach others about what they have done. The following contains her research from recent lectures.

She proposed that the Mekong Basin was a watery world, which lead to distinct patterns that made up everyday life there. The land surrounding the area where the Mekong River meets the sea, flooded for as long as four months per year. This led to the flooding of houses, which required rafts to provide transportation for the 17 million people who lived there. Due to salt water intrusion, farming was made difficult and nearly impossible. The Tonle Sap, another one of Cambodia’s major rivers connected to the Mekong River, also experienced floods over both its river and lake components. Despite Cambodias monsoon filled climate, Stark claims that the discovery of speleothems are the first records of droughts existing in Cambodia. This discovery was long before the drought experienced in the present day region. Furthermore, the culture of these people considered water to be divine. They believed water management consisted of the belief that water came down from the source, and it was blessed by one of the gods (i.e. Shiva). Dr. Stark's research contains evidence that the Angkorian Khmers lived in, worshiped, and managed a watery world.

More of Stark's research describes the cosmology of water became part of this region’s culture, thereby elevating the importance of this natural element in Angkor. The region had various religious practices regarding the use of water. Before Buddhism became the central religion, these practices included the washing of religious statues with perfume water, making offerings to the temple that resulted in the spiritual spray of water, and the belief in spirits from the lakes and rivers that were derived from animism. The reintroduction of the Khok Thlok origin story tells the story of the Naga Princess, also known as the serpent princess, and her marriage to a foreign prince after taking him to her underwater kingdom. This further highlights how important water was to the sacred origins of the Angkorian Khmers.

Dr. Stark’s main project as of 2018 is the Greater Angkor Project and the epistemology that surrounds Angkor’s water system. She has described the 20 year process of making the Angkorian Urbanism Archaeological Map of Greater Angkor that has allowed archaeologists like herself to answer some of the questions surrounding the topic of urbanism in this region. Some of the information derived form this source is the possibility of low density urbanism, the widespread and long term rural settlement configuration with deep historical roots, and the presence of a hamlet based pattern centered on a prasat shrine in Angkor. Living situations have also been described as a systematic map of mounds and depressions where temples served as magnets with people living around them in order to support these sacred buildings. For example, the spirits housed in these temples had to be fed daily, thus the need for support staff to live nearby. Households were also organized around ponds, and these ponds were critical to the living experiences of those who called Angkorian Cambodia home. Additionally, to be a king in this historical region, Stark has stated that contenders had to be able to use water storage as a form of protection for the people and as a replication of the cosmos.

Stark has found evidence for the reconstruction of the water system in this region that began in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Khmers began working with the rivers that already existed, and it eventually evolved into the 12th century elaborate manipulation of water. The manipulation included the use of moats to keep water away from the city.

Articles

Murphy, Stephen A.; Stark, Miriam T. (2016/10). "Introduction: Transitions from late prehistory to early historic periods in mainland Southeast Asia, c. early to mid-first millennium CE". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 47 (3): 333–340. doi:10.1017/S0022463416000229. ISSN 0022-4634.

International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Wright, James D., (Second edition ed.). Amsterdam. ISBN 9780080970868. OCLC 904209795.

Ikehara-Quebral, Rona M.; Stark, Miriam T.; Belcher, William; Vuthy, Voeun; Krigbaum, John; Bentley, R. Alexander; Douglas, Michele Toomay; Pietrusewsky, Michael (2017-10-25). "Biocultural Practices during the Transition to History at the Vat Komnou Cemetery, Angkor Borei, Cambodia". Asian Perspectives. 56 (2): 191–236. doi:10.1353/asi.2017.0008. ISSN 1535-8283.

Cultural transmission and material culture : breaking down boundaries. Stark, Miriam T., Bowser, Brenda J., 1957-, Horne, Lee., Kramer, Carol, 1943-2002. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2008. ISBN 0816526753. OCLC 226389404.

Aung-Thwin, Michael A.; Stark, Miriam T. (2001-05-01). "Editorial: Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Myanma Pyay (Burma): An Introduction". Asian Perspectives. 40 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1353/asi.2001.0001. ISSN 1535-8283.

Reviews

Stark, Miriam T. (2017-10-25). "Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology ed. by Nicolas Revire, Stephen A. Murphy (review)". Asian Perspectives. 56 (2): 260–262. doi:10.1353/asi.2017.0010. ISSN 1535-8283.

Sanderson, D.C.W.; Bishop, P.; Stark, M.T.; Spencer, J.Q. "Luminescence dating of anthropogenically reset canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Cambodia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 22 (10-13): 1111–1121. doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00055-6.Professor of Anthropology at the University of Hawaii Manoa. Professor of Anthropology at the University of Hawaii Manoa.