List of medical triads and pentads
A medical triad is a group of three signs or symptoms, the result of injury to three organs, which characterise a specific medical condition. The appearance of all three signs conjoined together in another patient, points to that the patient has the same medical condition, or diagnosis.
A medical pentad is a group of five.
Triads
Add the "Nadim Nasser Triad" for diagnosis of leukodystrophies: Hypotonia , pendula Nystagmus , Failed BERA test .
| Name | Triad | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Achalasia Triad
. |
increased lower esophageal sphincter(LES)tone, decreased LES relaxation, aperistalsis | Achalasia |
| Alkaptonuria Triad | Ochronotic arthritis, Ochronotic pigmentation, Urine darkens on standing | Alkaptonuria |
| Amyand's Triad | Amyand's hernia, Appendicitis, Undescended testis | |
| Anderson Triad | Subcutaneous emphysema, rapid respirations, and abdominal rigidity | Esophageal rupture (likely intra-abdominal) |
| Triad of Anderson syndrome (not to be confused with the Anderson triad of esophageal rupture) | Bronchiectasis, Cystic Fibrosis, Vitamin A deficiency | Anderson Syndrome |
| Beck's triad | Muffled heart sound, Distended neck veins, Hypotension | Cardiac tamponade |
| Charcot's cholangitis triad | Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever, Jaundice | Ascending cholangitis |
| Charcot's neurologic triad | scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus | Multiple sclerosis |
| Triad of congenital toxoplasmosis | chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications | Congenital toxoplasmosis |
| Triad of congenital rubella | cataracts, patent ductus arteriosus, sensorineural hearling loss | Congenital rubella |
| Congestive Heart Failure Triad | Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Tender hepatomegaly | Congestive Heart Failure |
| Cushing's triad of Increased Intracranial Pressure | Bradycardia, Bradypnea, Hypertension | head injuries |
| Dieulafoy's triad | hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite tenderness and guarding over McBurney's point | Acute appendicitis |
| Fanconi syndrome triad | Aminoaciduria, Proteinuria, Phosphaturia | Fanconi syndrome |
| Female athlete triad | eating disorders, amenorrhoea, decreased bone mineral density | |
| Gradenigos Triad | Sixth cranial n. Palsy, Persistent ear discharge, Deep seated retro orbital pain | Gradenigo's syndrome |
| Triad of opioid overdose | Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, CNS depression | |
| Triad of granulomatosis with polyangiitis | Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerulonephritis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| Hakim Triad[1] (Adams Triad) | Urinary incontinence, Gait disturbance, Dementia | Normal pressure hydrocephalus |
| Triad (Triad of Sandblom) | Malena, Obstructive jaundice, Biliary colic | Hemobilia |
| Triad of Meigs' Syndrome | ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian tumor | Meigs' syndrome |
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Triad | Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure (But see Pentad of TTP below) | Hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
| Hutchinson's triad | Hutchison's teeth, Interstitial keratitis, Nerve deafness | Congenital syphilis |
| Kartagener Syndrome Triad | Triad of bronchiectasis, Recurrent sinusitis, and, Situs inversus, | Kartagener syndrome |
| Leriche's syndrome Triad | Triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock claudication, impotence, and symmetric atrophy of the bilateral lower extremities due to chronic ischemia | Leriche's syndrome |
| Meckler's triad | vomiting, pain and subcutaneous emphysema | Boerhaave syndrome |
| Meltzer's triad | purpura, arthralgias, weakness/myalgias | Cryoglobulinemia |
| O’ Donoghue Triad (Also known as Unhappy Triad) | Twisting force in a weight bearing knee joint causes injury to Medial collateral ligament, Anterior cruciate ligament, Medial meniscus | |
| Triad of Reactive arthritis | Urethritis, conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis, arthritis | Reactive arthritis |
| Saint's Triad | Gall stones, Diverticulosis, Hiatus hernia | |
| Samter's triad (also known as Acetylsalicylic acid triad or Widal's triad or Francis' triad or Aspirin triad) | Aspirin sensitivity, Nasal polyps, Asthma | Aspirin-induced asthma |
| Tetany in Children - Triad | Stridor, Carpopedal spasm, Convulsions | Tetany |
| Triad of Albinism | Black locks, Occulo-cutaneous Albinism, Deafness of sensorineural type | Albinism |
| Triad of Alport Syndrome | Sensorineural deafness, Progressive renal failure, Ocular anomalies | Alport syndrome |
| Triad of Behcet's Syndrome | Recurrent oral ulcers, Genital ulcers, Iridocyclitis | Behcet's Syndrome |
| Triad of Causes of Biotin Deficiency | Glossitis, Alopecia, Dermatitis | |
| Triad of Henoch–Schönlein purpura | Palpable purpura on buttock/legs, arthralgias, abdominal pain | IgA vasculitis |
| Triad of Hypernephroma | Pain, hematuria, renal mass | Hypernephroma |
| Triad of Kwashiorkor | Growth retardation, Mental changes, Edema | Kwashiorkor |
| Triad of Plummer-Vinson syndrome | Iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, esophageal webs | Plummer-Vinson syndrome |
| Triple Test (for diagnosis of downs syndrome) | Estimation of hcg, Estriol, and AFP | |
| Trotter's Triad | Conductive deafness, Immobility of homolateral soft palate, Trigeminal neuralgia | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
| Unhappy Triad | ACL, MCL, Medial Meniscus injury | Knee Injury |
| Virchow's triad | Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Vessel injury | Venous thrombosis |
| Triad of Wernicke encephalopathy | Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia | Wernicke encephalopathy |
| Whipple's Triad | Hypoglycaemia during attacks, resolution of symptoms upon correction of blood glucose, symptoms brought about by low glucose states. | Insulinoma |
| Triad of Aortic stenosis | Chest pain, Heart failure, Syncope | Aortic Stenosis |
| Murphy's triad | Pain-> Vomiting -> Fever | Acute appendicitis |
| Tillaux's triad | Mesenteric cyst | |
| Rigler's triad | small bowel obstruction, a gallstone outside the gallbladder, and air in the bile ducts | Gallstone ileus |
[["Nadim Nasser Triad", for leukodystrophies diagnosis. Axial hypotonia, Pendular nystagmus, and Failed BERA test Brain white matter disease
Pentads
| Name | Pentad | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Pentad of TTP | Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, Fever, Disturbed neurological function, Renal failure, Thrombocytopenia | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Pentalogy of Cantrell | Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Sternal cleft, Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac defect. | Thoracoabdominal syndrome |
| Pentalogy of Fallot | Fallot's tetralogy with, in addition, a patent foramen ovale or, Atrial septal defect. | |
| Reynolds Pentad | Abdominal pain, Fever, Jaundice, Shock and Depression of central nervous system function | acute suppurative cholangitis |
See also
- List of medical triads and pentads
- Medical eponyms
- Pathognomonic
References
2- “Mais-Nadim-Nasser Triad”, A Useful Marker for Leukodystrophies Diagnosis Nasser Nadim*Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy Nadim, J Genet Syndr Gene Ther 2014, 5:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7412.1000242 J Genet Syndr Gene Ther Volume 5 • Issue 5 • 1000242 ISSN: 2157-7412 JGSGT, an open access journal
See also
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