Meñli I Giray

Meñli I
Khan of Crimea
Reign 1468 – 1475
1478 – 1515
Predecessor Nur Devlet
Successor Mehmed I
Born 1445
Died 17 April 1515
Burial Bakhchisaray
Spouse Nur Sultan Khatun
Zayan Sultan Khatun
Makhdum Sultan Khatun
Issue
Full name
Meñli Giray
House Giray
Father Hacı I Giray

Meñli I Giray (Crimean Tatar: I Meñli Geray, ۱منكلى كراى‎‎) (1445–1515), also spelled as Mengli I Giray, was a khan of the Crimean Khanate (1466, 1469–1475, 1478–1515) and the sixth son of Hacı I Giray.[1]

Biography

Crimea at the time of Mengli Girai

Struggle for power (1466-78): [2] It took Mengli twelve years to establish himself as khan. When Haji Girai died power went to his eldest son Nur Devlet. Mengli revolted. He was supported by the Crimean nobility while Nur Devlet was supported by the Great Horde. In 1467 Mengli occupied the capital of Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale) but was soon driven out by Nur Devlet and fled to the Genoese at Kaffa. In June 1468 a delegation of nobles elected him khan at Kaffa. He, the nobles and a Genoese detachment marched on the capital. After six months Nur Devlet was expelled and fled to the North Caucasus, but was captured and imprisoned in the Genoese fortress at Sudak.

During his second reign (1469-75) he made an anti-Turkish alliance with Principality of Theodoro. In the summer of 1469 a Turkish fleet burned some villages near Kaffa. From late 1473 Eminek made himself head of the Shirin clan which held the eastern peninsula of Crimea. He became the second most powerful man in the country and was often hostile to Mengli.

In March 1475 the nobles replaced Mengli with his elder brother Hayder of Crimea. Mengli fled to Kaffa. In May 1475 a large Turkish fleet arrived at Kaffa seeking to subordinate the Genoese. They took Kaffa and other Genoese forts and the Principality of Theodoro. Mengli, who had supported the Genoese, was captured and taken to Istanbul. Nur Devlet was released from prison and restored as a Turkish vassal. Nur Devlet’s third reign (1475-78) was unsuccessful. In the winter of 1477/78 Crimea was briefly conquered by Janibeg, a nephew of Akhmed Khan of the Great Horde. Eminek wrote to the sultan asking that Mengli be restored. In the spring of 1478 Mengli was released and arrived at Crimea with a Turkish fleet and Turkish soldiers. He was joined by Eminek’s troops, Nur Devlet was driven out and Mengli became khan as a Turkish vassal.

Third reign (1478-1515): He made a great contribution to the development of Crimean Tatar statehood. He founded the fortress of Özü.[3]

In 1480, Meñli entered into a treaty of alliance with Ivan III, Grand Duke of Muscovy. The alliance was directed against Poland-Lithuania, the Great Horde and the Khanate of Astrakhan. This was an important factor in the Great stand on the Ugra river which led to Russian independence from the Great Horde.

In 1502, Meñli defeated the last khan of the Golden Horde and took control over its capital, Saray. He proclaimed himself Khagan (Emperor), claiming legitimacy as the successor of the Golden Horde's authority over the Tatar khaganates in the Caspian-Volga region.

Meñli was buried in the Dürbe (or türbe) of Salaçıq in Bakhchysarai. In that city, he commissioned Zıncırlı Medrese (medrese with chains) in Salaçıq (1500), Dürbe in Salaçıq (1501), and "Demir Qapı" (Iron Gate) portal in the Bakhchisaray Palace (by Aloisio the New) (1503).

Meñli often depended on troops from the Crimea's numerous Italian trading cities, and Genoese mercenaries formed a significant part of his army.

For his raids on Lithuania see Crimean-Nogai Raids for years 1480-1511.

Family

Meñli was a father of Mehmed I Giray and Sahib I Giray.[4]

Meñli I Giray was once thought to be the maternal grandfather of Suleiman the Magnificent through his putative daughter Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, but this has been disproved.[5][6]

Meñli's wives were:

  • Zayan (Shayan) Sultan Khatun, daughter of Prince Yadigar, bey of the Sedjeuts;
  • Makhdum Sultan Khatun, daughter of King Inarmaz Mirza, King of Circassia;
  • Nur Sultan Khatun, daughter of Prince Timur ibn Mansur, bey of the Manghits.

References

  1. ↑ The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the czars by Thomas Milner.
  2. ↑ 1466-78 is abstracted from the Russian Wikipedia, there apparently being no good source in English.
  3. ↑ René Grousset, L’Empire des steppes, Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan, Payot, Paris
  4. ↑ Anthony Stokvis, Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les États du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours
  5. ↑ Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Suleyman I". In İnalcık, Halil; Kafadar, Cemal. Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and his time. Isis Press. That she was a Tatar, a daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, was a story apparently begun by Jovius, repeated by other western sources, and taken up by Merriman in his biography of Suleyman
  6. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IX (1997), s.v. Suleyman p.833
Preceded by
Nur Devlet		 Khan of Crimea
1467		 Succeeded by
Nur Devlet
Preceded by
Nur Devlet		 Khan of Crimea
1469–1475		 Succeeded by
Nur Devlet
Preceded by
Nur Devlet		 Khan of Crimea
1478–1515		 Succeeded by
Mehmed I Giray
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