Marc Maron

Marc Maron
Maron in 2015
Birth name Marcus David Maron
Born (1963-09-27) September 27, 1963
Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
Medium Stand-up, podcast, television, film
Alma mater Boston University
Years active 1987–present
Genres Alternative comedy, black comedy, self-deprecation, cringe comedy, satire, observational comedy
Spouse
Kimberly Reiss
(m. 1997; div. 2001)

Mishna Wolff
(m. 2004; div. 2007)
Notable works and roles Morning Sedition
WTF with Marc Maron
The Marc Maron Show
Maron
Glow
Website wtfpod.com

Marcus David Maron (/ˈmærən/ MARR-ən; born September 27, 1963) is an American stand-up comedian, podcaster, writer and actor.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Maron was a frequent guest on the Late Show with David Letterman and appeared more than forty times on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, more than any other stand-up comedian.[1][2] He hosted Comedy Central's Short Attention Span Theater from 1993 to 1994, replacing Jon Stewart. He was also a regular guest on Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn and hosted the short-lived 2002 American version of the British game show Never Mind the Buzzcocks on VH1.[3] He was a regular on the left-wing radio network Air America from 2004 to 2009, hosting The Marc Maron Show and co-hosting Morning Sedition and Breakroom Live.

In September 2009, soon after Breakroom Live was cancelled, Maron began hosting the twice-weekly podcast WTF with Marc Maron where he interviews comedians, authors, musicians and celebrities in his garage in Highland Park, Los Angeles, California. Highlights include a 2010 episode with Louis C.K. that was rated the #1 podcast episode of all time by Slate magazine,[4] a 2012 interview with comedian Todd Glass in which Glass publicly revealed that he was gay,[5] and a 2015 interview with then-President Barack Obama.[1]

From 2013 to 2016, he starred in his own IFC television comedy series, Maron, for which he also served as executive producer and occasional writer. Since 2017 he has co-starred in the Netflix comedy series GLOW.

Early life

Maron was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, to orthopedic surgeon father[6] Barry R. Maron[7][8] and mother Toby Maron.[9]

Maron is from a Jewish family.[10][11] He lived in Wayne, New Jersey until he was six.[12] Maron's father joined the U.S. Air Force for two years for his medical residency in Alaska, and so Maron and his family moved there. When his father left the Air Force, he moved his family to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and started a medical practice.[1] Maron lived in Albuquerque from third grade through high school.[13] He graduated from Highland High School.[14]

In 1986, Maron graduated from Boston University with a B.A. in English literature.[15][16]

Career

Maron first performed standup in 1987 when he was 24 years old.[17]

Maron started his comedy career at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles and became an associate of Sam Kinison.[18] He later moved to New York City and became part of the New York alternative comedy scene. During the summer of 1994, he appeared a few times on Monday open-mic night, coordinated by Tracey Metzger, at the now-closed Greenwich Village location of the Boston Comedy Club. He auditioned unsuccessfully for the 1995 Saturday Night Live cast overhaul and attributes being passed over to being high during a meeting with show creator and producer Lorne Michaels.[1][19][20]

Maron continued to be a standup performer and also began to appear on television; his voice was used in episodes of Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, and he hosted Short Attention Span Theater for a time. He also recorded half-hour specials for HBO and Comedy Central Presents as well as comedy showcases like the Cam Neely Foundation fundraiser, which also featured performers such as Jon Stewart, Denis Leary, and Steven Wright. He frequently appeared in the live alternative standup series he had organized with Janeane Garofalo called Eating It, which used the rock bar Luna Lounge in New York's Lower East Side as its venue, from the 1990s until the building was razed in 2005.

His only major film credit for years was a small part credited as "angry promoter" in the 2000 Cameron Crowe film Almost Famous, in which he is first seen fighting with Noah Taylor's character and then yelling at and chasing after the main characters as they drive away on a bus, at which point he yells, "Lock the gates!" which is now used in the intro to his podcasts.[21] He was also featured at the Luna Lounge in the 1997 mockumentary Who's the Caboose? starring Sarah Silverman and Sam Seder.[22]

His first one-man show, Jerusalem Syndrome, had an extended off-Broadway run in 2000 and was released in book form in 2001. In 2009, he began work shopping another one-man show, Scorching The Earth. According to Maron (in Scorching The Earth) these two shows "bookend" his relationship with his second wife, comic Mishna Wolff, which ended in a bitter divorce.

Maron performing in 2010

In May 2008, he toured with Eugene Mirman and Andy Kindler in Stand Uppity: Comedy That Makes You Feel Better About Yourself and Superior to Others. In January 2009, a collaboration with Sam Seder which had begun in September 2007 as a weekly hour-long video webcast became Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder, produced by Air America.[23] Until its cancellation in July 2009, the show was webcast live weekdays at 3 pm Eastern, with episodes archived for later viewing as well. In its final incarnation, the show was quite informal, taking place in the actual break room of Air America Media, with the cafeteria vending machines just off-camera. This meant occasional distractions when Air America staff and management alike would occasionally come in for food and drink. Maron and Seder held court in an online "post-show chat" with viewers, in an even less formal continuation of each webcast, after the credits had rolled.

Marc Maron (left) and Zach Galifianakis (right) participating in a Doug Loves Movies podcast at the 2012 Los Angeles Podcast Festival

Maron's standup comedy act is marked by his commitment to self-revelation and cultural analysis. He is particularly known for relentless on-stage exploration of his own relationships with family, girlfriends, and other standup comedians that he has known and befriended over his many years in the business. In October 2013, Maron released his first hour long special via Netflix titled, Marc Maron: Thinky Pain.[24] Maron would follow this with another special titled, More Later, which he released in December 2015, on the website Epix.[25]

In 2012, he provided the voice of Magnus Hammersmith in three episodes of Metalocalypse. Maron has made two guest appearances as himself on Louis C.K.'s show Louie, first in the third season episode Ikea/Piano Lesson[26] and then again in the fourth season episode Pamela: Part 3.[27]

Maron, a television series created by and starring Maron for a 10-episode first season, premiered on IFC on May 3, 2013.[28] The show is loosely autobiographical, revolving around Maron's life as a twice-divorced sober comedian running a comedy podcast out of his garage but establishing many differences between the real-life Maron and the version of him on TV.

A comedy special, Marc Maron: Too Real, was released on Netflix on September 5, 2017.[29]

In August 2018 it was revealed that Maron would play a supporting role in Todd Phillips's Batman supervillain The Joker origin story film Joker starring Joaquin Phoenix as the title character alongside Robert De Niro, and Zazie Beetz. The film is due for release in 2019

Radio

From almost the first day of the liberal talk radio network Air America's broadcasts in 2004, Maron co-hosted Morning Sedition, a three-hour early-morning radio show with Mark Riley that aired weekdays from 6 am to 9 am Eastern time. The show was unique in the Air America lineup in its heavy reliance on both live and preproduced sketch comedy, utilizing the talents of staff writers as well as the on-air hosts. The format was a left-leaning near-satire of typical morning "Buddy" radio programs, including recurring characters, interviews, and listener call-in segments, and it attracted a loyal fan base.

As 2005 came to a end, it became known that Maron's contract would not be renewed on its December 1, 2005, end date because of problems with then Air America executive Danny Goldberg. Goldberg reportedly did not "get" the comedy or agree with the satiric and often angry tone set by Maron and other writers (Jim Earl and Kent Jones) for a morning drive-time show. On November 28, 2005, it was officially announced that Maron's contract had not been renewed. His last Morning Sedition broadcast was on December 16, 2005, and the show was discontinued shortly thereafter.

On February 28, 2006, Maron began hosting a nighttime radio program with Jim Earl as sidekick for KTLK Progressive Talk 1150AM in Los Angeles called The Marc Maron Show from 10:00 pm until midnight PST. The program was frequently delayed (sometimes for over an hour) owing to KTLK's contractual agreement to broadcast local sports events that would often go into overtime. The Marc Maron Show was never nationally syndicated by Air America despite reported contractual clauses promising such. The show was streamed online live, but the show was not publicized, and the existence of the stream was not well promoted.

On July 5, it was announced that Maron's final episode would be on July 14. A few days before that date, Maron bluntly discussed his long struggle with Air America Radio's executives on-air. In 2008, Marc and Sam Seder expanded their prior collaboration on a weekly hour-long video webcast (streamed at The Sam Seder Show website) into a daily show (and "post-show chat") produced by Air America Media called Maron v. Seder. The show became Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder starting in 2009 and could be viewed on Air America Media's website. On July 15, 2009, after less than one year, Air America Media canceled Breakroom Live. According to the show's hosts, the cancellation was for financial reasons. Ironically, the day before the cancellation, the show got some of the first real publicity it had ever received when MaximumFun.org posted its podcast of an interview with Maron on The Sound of Young America.

On the final Breakroom Live webcast, Maron said that this marked the third time since 2005 he'd been told by an executive at the network that his services would not be required in the immediate future. Co-host Sam Seder pointed out that this would be the end of his fourth show at Air America since the troubled network's inception.

WTF with Marc Maron podcast

On September 1, 2009, Maron began a twice-weekly podcast called WTF with Marc Maron. Released Mondays and Thursdays, the show features interviews with fellow comedians, both old friends and acquaintances. In a free-form discussion, Maron and his guests touch on topics like the arc of the interviewees' careers, shared past experiences, and stories from the road. The show was originally produced after-hours in the Air America offices, to which Maron and his producer still had keys. Around the 20th episode, Maron temporarily moved to Los Angeles before announcing that the move would be permanent in the 22nd. WTF is currently recorded in his garage, with the bulk of the guests meeting him there, though he does have a mobile setup to talk to guests. WTF has reached No. 1 on iTunes comedy section numerous times. Though it is a free podcast, it has a number of rotating sponsors and accepts donations.

On May 17, 2011, it was announced that a version of WTF with Marc Maron is now available for noncommercial broadcast via Public Radio Exchange. The initial offering is ten episodes edited from previous podcasts and is designed, according to co-producer of the broadcast package Jesse Thorn, "to capture what makes WTF special and communicate it to folks who aren't comedy nerds—or even necessarily comedy fans." Initial station pickups include WBEZ Chicago and the Public Radio Remix service on SiriusXM.[30] On May 6, 2012, 'WTF with Marc Maron' won the award for "Best Comedy Podcast" at the 2012 Comedy Central Comedy awards. On December 14, 2014, Slate declared Maron's 2010 interview with Louis C.K. on WTF as the best podcast episode of all time.[31]

Television

As the executive producer and star of Maron, Maron appeared in all 51 episodes of the show from 2013 to 2016, portraying a fictionalized version of himself.[32] The show ended in 2016 after four seasons on IFC.[33]

In addition to his own show, Maron was the voice of the raccoon Randl on 12 episodes of the Nickelodeon show Harvey Beaks in 2015 and 2016.[34] He appeared in two episodes of the Netflix series Easy in the first and second seasons. Maron also appeared on two episodes of Girls in season four in 2015, playing New York City councilman Ed Duffield. Maron also appeared in two episodes of his longtime friend Louis C.K.'s critically acclaimed show, Louie, in 2012 and 2014.

In 2017, Maron co-starred in the Netflix comedy GLOW, for which he was nominated for multiple awards.[35] He returned to his role for the second season in July 2018.[36]

Music

In 2013, Maron contributed a guitar solo to the protest song and charity single "Party at the NSA" by electropop music duo Yacht. Inspired by the 2013 global surveillance disclosures, "Party at the NSA" critiques the state of governmental surveillance programs in the United States. Proceeds from the single benefit the international non-profit digital rights group Electronic Frontier Foundation.[37][38] Previously, Maron said he was a fan of the band.[39]

In an interview with KCRW, Maron stated "I have no idea why they asked me to play guitar on the track. I'm only good at one thing on the guitar. It just so happens it was exactly the thing they needed."[40]

Reviews for the solo were positive. IFC's Melissa Locker said "Marc Maron plays a mean guitar."[41] Spin's Chris Martins called the guitar solo a "shredfest" as well as "angular."[42] The Stranger called it "a frequency-fraying guitar solo that's better than you'd expect, although it won’t make J Mascis jealous."[43]

Personal life

Maron lived in Astoria, Queens, through the 1990s and most of the 2000s[44] but moved back to Los Angeles in the fall of 2009. Maron also speaks openly of his caring for numerous stray cats that he takes into his home. This has led to him to refer to his home, on the WTF Podcast, as the "Cat Ranch." Maron lives in Highland Park, Los Angeles, with his three cats, Monkey, Boomer, and LaFonda.[45] After Boomer went missing, Maron began incorporating the catchphrase "Boomer lives!" into various portions of the podcast. He has a new addition to the "Cat Ranch" by the name Buster Kitten.

Maron has spoken openly, both in his act and on his podcast, about his alcohol and drug abuse during the 1990s. Maron has been sober since August 9, 1999.[17]

Maron has been married twice, once to Kimberly Reiss and once to Mishna Wolff, a former standup comedian. Both relationships have figured prominently in his act at various times. During numerous appearances at the Edinburgh Fringe festival in 2007, Maron riffed on his then-recent separation and divorce from Wolff.

On the October 14, 2013, episode of his podcast, Maron announced that he had broken up with his former fiancee, Jessica Sanchez.[46]

On the February 10, 2014, episode of his podcast, Maron confirmed he was dating Moon Zappa not long after she had been a guest on the podcast. However, on the May 1, 2014, episode of his podcast, Maron revealed that he was no longer dating Zappa.[47]

On the March 2, 2015, episode of his podcast, Maron announced he was dating artist Sarah Cain.

Works or publications

Books

  • Maron, Marc. The Jerusalem Syndrome: My Life As a Reluctant Messiah. New York: Broadway Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7679-0810-8
  • Maron, Marc. Attempting Normal. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2014. ISBN 978-0-812-98278-7

Comedy albums

Comedy Specials

Podcasts

Filmography

Film

Year Title Credit Notes
Actor Writer Producer
1993 Caesar's Salad Composer
1994 D2: The Mighty Ducks Yes Role: Valet (deleted scene)[54]
1997 Who's the Caboose? Yes Role: Comedian
1999 Los Enchiladas! Yes Role: Devin
2000 Almost Famous Yes Role: Angry Promoter
2002 Stalker Guilt Syndrome Yes Role: Marc
2008 A Bad Situationist Yes Role: Mikel
2012 Sleepwalk with Me Yes Role: Marc Mulheren
2012 G. Redford Considers Yes Yes Role: G. Redford (voice)
2012 All Wifed Out Yes Role: Stan
2013 Bob Dylan: Like a Rolling Stone Yes Himself
2013 Marc Maron: Thinky Pain Yes Yes Comedy special; himself
2015 Flock of Dudes Yes Role: Richtman
2015 Frank and Cindy Yes Role: Gilbert
2015 Marc Maron: More Later Yes Yes Comedy special; himself
2016 Get a Job Yes Role: Hotel Manager
2016 Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates Yes Role: Randy
2017 Marc Maron: Too Real Yes Yes Comedy special; himself
2019 Sword of Trust Yes Role: Mel
2019 Joker Yes

Television

Year Title Credit Notes
Actor Writer Producer Director
1993 Short Attention Span Theater Role: Himself (host)
1996 Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist Yes Yes 2 episodes
Role: Marc (voice)
2002 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 5 episodes
Role: Himself (host)
2004 Pilot Season Yes 2 episodes
Role: Marc Victor
2010–2011 The Life & Times of Tim Yes 2 episodes
Role: Various roles (voices)
2012 Metalocalypse Yes 3 episodes
Role: Magnus Hammersmith (voice)
2012 Adventure Time Yes Episode: "Up a Tree"
Role: Squirrel (voice)
2012–2014 Louie Yes 2 episodes
Role: Himself
2013–2016 Maron Yes Yes Yes Yes 51 episodes
Role: Marc Maron
2015 Girls Yes 2 episodes
Role: Ted Duffield
2015–2016 Harvey Beaks Yes 14 episodes
Role: Randl (voice)
2016 Animals. Yes Episode: "Rats."
Role: Marc (voice)
2016 Roadies Yes Episode: "Longest Days"
Role: Himself
2016 Easy Yes 2 episodes
Role: Jacob
2017–present GLOW Yes 19 episodes
Role: Sam Sylvia
2017 Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero Yes 2 episodes
Role: Piv (voice)

Awards and nominations

Year Award Category Nominated work Result
2018 8th Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
GLOW
Nominated
24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (shared with the ensemble) Nominated

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Justin Kaufmann (August 29, 2011). "Wikipedia Files: Marc Maron (WTF Podcast)". WBEZ. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  2. "January 5, 2010". Late Night With Conan O'Brien. January 5, 2010. NBC.
  3. "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". VH1 (via archive.org). Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  4. Haglund, David (2014-12-14). "Best podcast episodes ever: The 25 best from Serial to the Ricky Gervais Show". Slate.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  5. Luippold, Ross (2012-01-16). "Beloved Comedian Comes Out As Gay On 'WTF'". The Huffington Post.
  6. Maron, Marc (1 January 2015). "Episode 564 - Melanie Lynskey". WTF with Marc Maron. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  7. Maron, Marc (18 February 2010). "Episode 48 - Brendon Small / Dr. Barry Maron". WTF with Marc Maron. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  8. Heild, Colleen (25 August 2011). "Doctor Gives Up Medical License". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  9. Maron, Marc (7 December 2009). "Episode 28 - Eddie Brill / Toby Maron". WTF with Marc Maron. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  10. Netsky, Ron (September 11, 2013). "INTERVIEW: Marc Maron". CITY Newspaper. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  11. Clark, Andrew (May 3, 2013). "Marc Maron Does Television Too". Boston University. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  12. Levin, Eric. "Comedian Marc Maron: The Stand-Up Notables Sit Down With; Marc Maron's must-hear podcast leads to a book and TV series.", New Jersey Monthly, June 14, 2013. Accessed October 10, 2017. "New Jersey Monthly: Before your family moved to Albuquerque, you spent your first six years in Wayne. How Jersey do you feel? Marc Maron: I do feel attached to the place."
  13. Chisholm, Christie (22 December 2010). "Who Is Marc Maron? Comic returns to his hometown for one stand-up night". Alibi. V.19, No.51. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  14. Maron, Marc (17 October 2008). "Marc's return to High School @ BreakRoomLive.com" (Video). Break Room Live. Air America. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  15. Hayes, Dade (22 April 2013). "Broadcasting & Cable". Broadcasting & Cable.
  16. Clark, Andrew. "Marc Maron's WTF". Bostonia. Boston University. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  17. 1 2 Lopate, Leonard (6 November 2014). "Darkness, Depression, Addiction, and Anxiety: Marc Maron Probes the Inner Lives of Comedians". The Leonard Lopate Show. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  18. Maron, Marc (2001), "7", The Jerusalem Syndrome: My Life as a Reluctant Messiah, Broadway Books, ISBN 0-7679-0810-4
  19. Maron, Marc (1998). "Lorne Michaels and Gorillas". Air America. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
  20. Itzkoff, Dave (August 22, 2013). "The God of 'SNL' Will See You Now". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  21. "Almost Famous". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  22. "Who's the Caboose? (1997)". IMDb.com. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  23. "The Majority Report with Sam Seder | Majority Report Radio". Breakroomlive.com. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
  24. Bangs, Lance (2013-10-15), Marc Maron: Thinky Pain, retrieved 2016-07-21
  25. Goldthwait, Bobcat (2015-12-04), Marc Maron: More Later, retrieved 2016-07-21
  26. ""Louie" Ikea/Piano Lesson". imdb.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  27. ""Louie" Pamela: Part 3". imdb.com. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  28. "Coming Soon – Maron". IFC. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  29. "Marc Maron: Too Real". Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  30. "WTF: The Public Radio Show!". Maximum Fun. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
  31. Haglund, David; Onion, Rebecca. "The 25 Best Podcast Episodes Ever". www.slate.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  32. Petski, Denise (2016-07-11). "'Maron' To End After Four Seasons On IFC". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  33. "IFC's 'Maron' to End After 4 Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  34. "Marc Maron". IMDb. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  35. Turchiano, Danielle (December 13, 2017). "'GLOW' Ties 'Big Little Lies' and 'Stranger Things' for Most SAG Award Nominations". Variety. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  36. VanArendonk, Kathryn (July 6, 2018). "GLOW Isn't a 10-Hour Movie". Vulture. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  37. Clairmont, Nicholas. "Listen To "Party At The NSA", A Fun New Song Protesting Surveillance". Big Think. Big Think, Inc. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  38. Segal, Dave (15 August 2013). "YACHT released an NSA protest "party anthem" with Marc Maron on guitar (stream it)". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  39. Breihan, Tom (15 August 2013). "YACHT – "Party At The NSA" (Feat. Marc Maron) - Stereogum". Stereogum. SpinMedia. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  40. George, Evan (15 August 2013). "YACHT releases anti-surveillance manifesto 'Party at the NSA'". KCRW. WordPress. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  41. Locker, Melissa (16 August 2013). "Marc Maron and Yacht Have a "Party at the NSA"". IFC. IFC TV LLC. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  42. Martins, Chris (15 August 2013). "Hear Marc Maron Shred on YACHT's Disco Ripper 'Party at the NSA'". Spin. SpinMedia. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  43. Segal, Dave (20 August 2013). "Watch Out! YACHT's "Party at the NSA"". The Stranger. Index Newspapers, LLC. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  44. "Marc D Maron - United States Public Records". FamilySearch. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  45. "Marc Maron Learned the Meaning of "Feral" from a Cat". Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  46. "WTF Podcast Episode 432 - Natasha Lyonne". Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  47. "WTF Podcast Episode 493 - Stephen Malkmus". Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  48. "Comedy Central Presents - Season 1, Ep. 2 - Marc Maron - Full Episode | Comedy Central". Cc.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  49. "Comedy Central Presents - Season 11, Ep. 1 - Marc Maron - Full Episode | Comedy Central". Cc.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  50. http://www.hbo.com/search?type=schedule&q=HBO%20Comedy%20Half-Hour%2013:%20Marc%20Maron
  51. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  52. Just Coffee Co-op WTF Roast (2016-01-11). "Merch - WTF with Marc Maron Podcast". Theconnextion.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  53. "Marc Maron: Too Real | Netflix Official Site". Netflix.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  54. Evans, Bradford (April 4, 2013). "The Lost Roles of Marc Maron". Splitsider. Retrieved April 26, 2016.

Further reading

  • Daniel, Kane (Sep 2014). "Marc Maron". Opinion. Smith Journal. 12: 44.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.