Madam Secretary (season 1)

Madam Secretary (season 1)
Region 1 DVD cover art
Country of origin United States
No. of episodes 22
Release
Original network CBS
Original release September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21) – May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
Season chronology

The first season of the American political drama series Madam Secretary began airing on September 21, 2014, on CBS in the United States. It was produced by CBS Television Studios, and Revelations Entertainment with series creator Barbara Hall serving as executive producer, alongside Morgan Freeman, Lori McCreary, and Tracy Mercer.

The series follows Dr. Elizabeth Adams McCord (Téa Leoni), a former CIA analyst who is appointed to the position of United States Secretary of State by incumbent Democratic President of the United States Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine). In accepting the position, McCord must negotiate not only with foreign dignitaries, but also with her husband Henry (Tim Daly), and a staff inherited from her deceased predecessor, including his mistress Nadine Tolliver (Bebe Neuwirth).

On October 27, 2014, after airing only 6 episodes, CBS placed a full season order consisting of 22 episodes for the first season.[1] On January 12, 2015, Madam Secretary was renewed for a second season.[2]

The first episode premiered to 14.75 million viewers, and garnered a 2.0/5 adults 18-49 rating, winning its timeslot.

Cast

Main Cast

Recurring

Episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers
(millions)
11"Pilot"David SemelBarbara HallSeptember 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)14.75[3]
Elizabeth McCord, a former CIA analyst, gets recruited and trained by the current POTUS. Due to the death of the current Secretary of State in a plane crash, the President asks her to become the new Secretary of State, because she can think outside the box. Two months later, McCord is faced by an issue of two American children held hostage in Syria. The POTUS's Chief of Staff plays a game to damage her reputation and then advises the President to not do anything about the kidnapping. But McCord convinces the President to get the boys out through back-channel sources. Meanwhile, one of her former CIA colleagues warns her that her predecessor may have been killed by the CIA. He is later found dead in a car crash, which McCord believes was not an accident.
22"Another Benghazi"David SemelBarbara HallSeptember 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)12.72[4]
When crowds surround the U.S. Embassy in Yemen, the Secretary, using her CIA analyst skills, believes it will be another Benghazi incident. She asks her ambassador to leave, but he refuses citing the political need of his presence. Her requests for additional security troops are rejected, and ultimately she uses her discretionary funds to avail of a private military security detail, of whom she was critical earlier. Ultimately, her fears are realized when the embassy is bombed. However, the PMC security detail was successfully able to get the ambassador out, losing one of their own in the process.
33"The Operative"Jeremy WebbDavid GraeOctober 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)12.18[5]
When a former INR agent leaks diplomatic cables to a reporter, it causes a lot of embarrassment for the Secretary. However, when he also releases details of covert operatives and it causes the arrest of a spy in Pakistan, the problem escalates. But the Secretary, using some 'unusual' and off-the-record negotiations, brokers a deal between Russia and Pakistan in return for releasing the operative.
44"Just Another Normal Day"Eric StoltzJoan Rater & Tony PhelanOctober 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)11.45[6]
The Secretary is able to finalize a treaty between China and Japan over some disputed islands. However, within a few minutes before signing the treaty, China refuses, unless the U.S. deports a Chinese girl who had applied for asylum.
55"Blame Canada"Eriq La SallePaul RedfordOctober 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)12.28[7]

The Canadian ambassador asks the Secretary to read, approve and release an environmental report that will allow a joint Canada-U.S. pipeline to be built. She reads the report and finds out that it has been prepared by a lobby group that supports the pipeline and contains falsified data. The Canadian ambassador tries to pressure her to approve the report but she counters with her own pressure tactics.

The ongoing talks with Iran over dismantling their nuclear processing plants are deadlocked. Despite the Secretary's instructions, with the President's approval, to offer some trade ban relaxations in exchange, the Chief Negotiator only threatens military action during the talks which causes Iran to back-out completely. So she goes behind his back to talk to a member of Iran's negotiation team and makes the offer which Iran accepts, resolving the crisis. And then she fires the Chief Negotiator for lying to the President and herself. She later asks Blake to conduct a confidential investigation on Nadine, her Chief of Staff.
66"The Call"Mark PiznarskiMatt WardOctober 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)11.71[8]
When a former teacher of Henry McCord reaches out and warns of a possible genocide in his home country, Elizabeth asks the President to intervene. Though he initially refuses, hearing her speech that the world should have guts to intervene in this, he relents and authorizes logistical and air support. But when it is revealed that the former teacher's charity was allowing refugees to carry drugs for the warlords, complications arise in the coalition. Meanwhile, Nadine is cleared in the investigation, and she is informed by Elizabeth.
77"Passage"Martha CoolidgeAlex CooleyNovember 2, 2014 (2014-11-02)13.21[9]
The President 'suggests' that Elizabeth's first foreign trip should be to India, to help one of his biggest supporters. She brings her younger children with her. A massive earthquake hits that causes an explosion at an American-owned factory, and she is separated from Alison during the chaos. Meanwhile, Stevie sees her father with a young woman and suspects that he is having an affair, causing her to get drunk. But it turns out that he has been reactivated by the NSA and the young woman is actually Henry's handler.
88"Need to Know"Dennie GordonAlexander MaggioNovember 9, 2014 (2014-11-09)12.54[10]
The Moldovan prime minister's airplane disappears from the radar. The Secretary is concerned for him and for a U.S. agent with the Prime Minister. She plans a rescue mission to free them from the leader of a separatist movement in Moldova. Meanwhile, Henry is asked to plant a bug at the home of a scholar who is believed by the NSA to be connected to a terrorist.
99"So It Goes"James Whitmore, Jr.David GraeNovember 16, 2014 (2014-11-16)12.77[11]
Elizabeth, Henry, and Isabelle conduct their own investigation into the plane crash that killed former Secretary of State Vincent Marsh, leading to a very grave conclusion. Russell asks Matt to spy on the Secretary, and Nadine is asked out on a dinner by the NASA Administrator.
1010"Collateral Damage"Eric StoltzMatt WardNovember 23, 2014 (2014-11-23)12.41[12]
Threat from a deranged gunman causes a lock-down at the State Department. Elizabeth talks to Stevie about her CIA past, when an Iraqi translator threatens to do so to her and others. Revealing stories of being present when tortures were carried out during questioning, Elizabeth is unable to make Stevie understand the compulsions of that time causing a rift between mother and daughter. Elizabeth manages to keep Arab leaders gathered in the building from launching verbal attacks on one another. Matt tells Daisy's fiance about their affair.
1111"Game On"Randy ZiskPaul RedfordNovember 30, 2014 (2014-11-30)13.24[13]
Elizabeth and Henry visit Venezuela in search for a hidden bank account that belongs to Vincent Marsh. Stevie covers for Alison. Russel Jackson confronts Elizabeth about her investigation.
1212"Standoff"Gloria MuzioJoseph C. MuscatJanuary 4, 2015 (2015-01-04)11.69[14]
Elizabeth and Henry travel to New York City on their anniversary for what is supposed to be a romantic reliving of their courtship. During her absence the Texas Governor causes a stand-off with Mexico over the extradition of a drug lord. The Secretary's team tries to sort out this issue without involving her, but ultimately has to call her. The Secretary does some unique arm-twisting to make the Governor stand down and resolve the issue. Meanwhile the scholar on whom Henry was spying reaches out to Henry and asks for asylum in return for revealing all that he knows.
1313"Chains of Command"Michael WaxmanAlex CooleyJanuary 11, 2015 (2015-01-11)12.13[15]
Elizabeth pushes for the prosecution of a diplomat after he is caught holding a maid hostage in his home. Also, Henry's father comes to visit---leading to a possibly unpleasant revelation when Stevie seeks an organising job at the union for which her grandfather supposedly sat on the board for several years.
1414"Whisper of the Ax"Eric StoltzBarbara HallMarch 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)11.64[16]
While defending the status of a microcredit system within the State Department budget, Elizabeth is blindsided by the revelation that the manager of the program has been embezzling money for gambling, throwing the status of the jobs of everyone on her staff in question. Meanwhile, Stevie decides to volunteer with the same Microloan United only to find out that she can keep the internship only if she's enrolled in a college. The operation tracking the Iranian national who was connected to Secretary Marsh's disappearance goes horribly awry on foreign soil and Director Munsey, Elizabeth and, Russel are forced to look for a mole among themselves. Elizabeth makes the difficult decision of confronting long time friend and CIA agent Isabelle. They are eventually forced to bring in the President on their secret investigation. President Dalton shockingly reveals that during his time at the CIA he had been suspicious of the plane crash in Dubai and had it investigated by 2 agents one of whom was George Peters who is now dead. Elizabeth is shown leading an armed search party to a house and reporting over the telephone that 'she' had fled and there was no information to be found at the house.
1515"The Ninth Circle"Nicole RubioAlexander MaggioMarch 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)10.82[17]
A furious Turkey releases the footage of the assassination of the US operative and the Iranian national on Turkish soil, leading Elizabeth to scramble to defuse the situation while Daisy is uncomfortably trying to keep the media under wraps. The mystery over Juliet and her role in the operation's failure deepens with intel gathered from the Iranian's laptop.
1616"Tamerlane"Jonathan BrownDavid GraeMarch 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)11.26[18]
Director Munsey being placed under house arrest and complete lockdown buys Elizabeth, Russell and President Dalton a few days to attempt to unravel or back the impending coup in Iran. However, with the chosen successor dying of cancer and the coup too well set up to destabilize, Elizabeth can only go to Iran personally to attempt to defuse the situation.
1717"Face the Nation"Rob GreenleaMatt WardMarch 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)10.79[19]
A traumatized Elizabeth attempts to jump back into work, starting with the three-sided bidding war between an American oil company, the Chinese government, and an underdog environmental group over the Amazonian oil supplies. However, her PTSD ripples throughout her personal and professional life, slowing attempts to reassure the American public with an interview with Bob Schieffer, growing overprotective over Jason in his new school, and losing her temper while attempting to arbitrate the bidding war.
1818"The Time is at Hand"Anna FoersterJoy GregoryMarch 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)11.47[20]
An apocalyptic cult with several American members, based in Bolivia, begins their countdown to their final days. Stevie's relationship with her boss is revealed, to Henry's disapproval.
1919"Spartan Figures"Tate DonovanLyla OliverApril 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)9.27[21]
The economic plan to support the Greek economy is jeopardized when the former Treasurer turned investment banker effectively repossesses several priceless Greek artefacts. Meanwhile, the drug problems of President Dalton's son Harrison, Stevie's best friend from childhood, end up putting the President under unexpected stress.
2020"The Necessary Art"Dennie GordonPaul RedfordApril 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)11.39[22]
A Russian nuclear submarine boasting experimental cloaking technologies sits under the coast of Alaska, prompting escalating naval measures on both sides. Speculation on Stevie and Harrison's friendship starts hitting the airwaves.
2121"The Kill List"Ed OrnelasDavid GraeApril 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)10.46[23]
Juliet has been located in the mountainous area of Algeria, and Elizabeth has to come to terms on assisting on the execution of one of her friends. The peace talks with Iran have almost borne fruit, but the Iranian government intend to defy Western cultural values by setting the execution of a gay man by stoning on at the exact same time.
2222"There But For the Grace of God"Eric StoltzBarbara HallMay 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)9.67[24]
A grandstanding Senator opens a Congressional hearing for Elizabeth and Henry, intending to boost his own political clout and damage the current administration. Juliet confesses her role in the coup, which leads Elizabeth to reflect on her last week at the CIA in 2005 when she was offered the position of station chief in Baghdad.

Ratings

No. Title Air dateRating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" September 21, 20142.0/514.75[3]N/AN/AN/AN/A
2 "Another Benghazi" September 28, 20141.4/412.72[4]0.62.492.015.21[25]
3 "The Operative" October 5, 20141.6/412.18[5]N/AN/AN/AN/A
4 "Just Another Normal Day" October 12, 20141.4/411.45[6]0.52.231.913.68[26]
5 "Blame Canada" October 19, 20141.5/412.28[7]0.52.422.014.70[27]
6 "The Call" October 26, 20141.5/411.71[8]0.42.341.914.05[28]
7 "Passage" November 2, 20141.8/513.21[9]0.52.432.315.64[29]
8 "Need to Know" November 9, 20141.4/412.54[10]N/A2.26N/A14.80[30]
9 "So It Goes" November 16, 20141.5/412.77[11]N/AN/AN/AN/A
10 "Collateral Damage" November 23, 20141.6/412.41[12]N/AN/AN/AN/A
11 "Game On" November 30, 20141.9/513.24[13]0.52.39N/A15.63[31]
12 "Standoff" January 4, 20151.5/411.69[14]0.52.612.014.30[32]
13 "Chains of Command" January 11, 20151.7/412.13[15]N/A2.63N/A14.75[33]
14 "Whisper of the Ax" March 1, 20151.3/411.64[16]N/A2.88N/A14.52[34]
15 "The Ninth Circle" March 8, 20151.1/410.82[17]N/AN/AN/AN/A
16 "Tamerlane" March 15, 20151.2/411.26[18]N/AN/AN/AN/A
17 "Face the Nation" March 22, 20151.3/410.79[19]N/A2.20N/A12.99[35]
18 "The Time is at Hand" March 29, 20151.4/411.47[20]N/AN/AN/AN/A
19 "Spartan Figures" April 5, 20151.1/49.27[21]N/AN/AN/AN/A
20 "The Necessary Art" April 12, 20151.4/511.39[22]N/AN/AN/AN/A
21 "The Kill List" April 26, 20151.0/310.46[23]N/AN/AN/AN/A
22 "There But For the Grace of God" May 3, 20151.0/39.67[24]0.42.151.411.82[36]

Home media

The DVD release of season one is set to be released in Region 1 on September 1, 2015.

The Complete First Season
Set details Special features
  • 22 episodes
  • 961 minutes (Region 1)
  • 6-disc set
  • 1.78:1 aspect ratio
  • Languages:
    • English (Dolby Digital 5.1)
  • Subtitles:
    • English (Region 1)
    • Portuguese (Region 1)
  • Extraordinary Credentials: The Making of Madam Secretary Season One
  • Madam Secretary at the Politico Playbook Luncheon
  • Deleted Scenes
  • The Affair - Season 1, Episode 1
Release dates
 United States  United Kingdom  Australia
September 1, 2015[37] September 28, 2015[38] November 12, 2015[39]

References

  1. Sara Bibel (October 27, 2014). "CBS Gives Full Season Orders to 'Scorpion', 'Madam Secretary', 'NCIS: New Orleans' & 'Stalker'". Archived from the original on July 23, 2015.
  2. Michael Ausiello (January 12, 2015). "CBS Renews Madam Secretary, Scorpion, NCIS: New Orleans".
  3. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (September 23, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Good Wife' & 'American Dad' Adjusted Up; '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (September 30, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Resurrection' & 'Revenge' Adjusted Up; 'CSI' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  5. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (October 7, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'Resurrection' & 'Revenge' Adjusted Up; 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  6. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (October 14, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' & 'Resurrection' Adjusted Up; 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  7. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (October 21, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons' & 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Up; 'Mulaney' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  8. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (October 28, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' & 'The Good Wife' Adjusted Up; '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down & Final Sports Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  9. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (November 4, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Good Wife', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine', 'Once Upon a Time' & '60 Minutes' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  10. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (November 11, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons' & 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (November 18, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons' & 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  12. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (November 25, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Madam Secretary', 'The Simpsons', '60 Minutes' & 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  13. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (December 3, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'America's Funniest Home Videos', Resurrection' & 'Once Upon a Time' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  14. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (January 7, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons', 'Madam Secretary', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine', 'The Celebrity Apprentice', 'Bob's Burgers' & 'CSI' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  15. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (January 13, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Good Wife' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for The Golden Globe Awards & NFL". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  16. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (March 3, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Last Man on Earth' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (March 10, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Last Man on Earth', 'Bob's Burgers', 'Family Guy', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' & 'Revenge' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  18. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (March 17, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Last Man in Earth', 'Secrets & Lies', 'Battle Creek' & '60 Minutes' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  19. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (March 24, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Last Man on Earth' & 'Once Upon a Time' Adjusted Up; '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  20. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (March 31, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Madam Secretary', 'The Good Wife' & '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  21. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: '60 Minutes' Adjusted Up; 'American Odyssey' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  22. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (April 14, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Up; 'Madam Secretary', 'The Good Wife' & '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  23. 1 2 Bibel, Sara (April 28, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Family Guy' Adjusted Up; No Adjustments to 'Once Upon A Time'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2015). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Family Guy' & 'Secrets and Lies' Adjusted Up'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  25. "Live+7 DVR Ratings for Premiere Week (Sep 22-28, 2014)" (PDF). Ratings Archive. October 18, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  26. Pucci, Douglas (October 14, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: NFL, 'The Walking Dead' Dominate". TV Media Insights. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  27. Pucci, Douglas (October 21, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: Peyton Manning Milestone Boosts NBC". TV Media Insights. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  28. Pucci, Douglas (October 29, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Sunday Night Football' on NBC Easily Bests World Series on Fox". TV Media Insights. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  29. "Sunday Final Nationals: Nik Wallenda Helps Boost Discovery". TV Media Insights. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  30. Kondolojy, Amanda (November 24, 2014). "'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'The Originals' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Blacklist' Leads Viewer Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  31. Kondolojy, Amanda (December 15, 2014). "[Updated] 'Criminal Minds' Has Biggest Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'Grimm', 'Elementary' & 'Revenge' Top Percentage Gains & 'NCIS' Leads Viewer Gains in Live+7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30". tvbythenumbers. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  32. Bibel, Sara (January 20, 2015). "'Revenge', 'Galavant' & 'Family Guy' Have Biggest Adults 18-49 Increase, 'Revenge' Tops Percentage Gains & 'Blue Bloods' Grows Most in Viewership in Live +7 Ratings for Week 15 Ending January 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
  33. Bibel, Sara (January 25, 2015). "'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Modern Family' Have Biggest Adults 18-49 Increase, 'Revenge' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Big Bang Theory' Grows Most in Viewership in Live +7 Ratings for Week 16 Ending January 11". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  34. Kondolojy, Amanda (March 15, 2015). "'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Gains +'Glee' Tops Percentage Increases, 'The Blacklist' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live+7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  35. Bibel, Sara (April 6, 2015). "'Empire' Leads Adults 18-49 & Viewership Gains + 'The Originals' Tops Percentage Increases in Live +7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  36. Pucci, Douglas (June 7, 2015). "Wednesday Final Nationals: Blackhawks-Lightning on NBC is Most-Viewed NHL Stanley Cup Final Non-Overtime Game 1 Since 1997". TV Media Insights. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  37. "Madam Secretary: Season 1". Amazon. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  38. "Madam Secretary - Season 1 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  39. "Madam Secretary - Season 1". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.