M982 Excalibur

M982 Excalibur
Type Guided artillery shell
Place of origin Sweden/USA
Service history
Used by Sweden, U.S. Army, Canada
Production history
Manufacturer BAE Systems AB/Raytheon
Unit cost US$68,000[1]
Specifications
Weight 48 kg (106 lb)[2]
Length 99.6 cm (39.20 in)
Diameter 155 mm
Caliber 155 mm
Effective firing range Increment Ia-1: 23 kilometres (14 mi)
Increment Ia-2/Ib: 40 km (25 mi)[3]
Warhead PBXN-9
Guidance
system
 GPS plus inertial navigation

The M982 Excalibur (previously XM982) is a 155 mm extended range guided artillery shell developed during a collaborative effort between the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC).[4] The Excalibur was manufactured by prime contractor Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems AB. It is a GPS-guided munition capable of being used in close support situations within 75–150 metres (246–492 ft) of friendly troops or in situations where targets might be prohibitively close to civilians to attack with unguided artillery fire. In 2015 the United States planned to procure 7,474 rounds with a FY2015 total program cost of $1.9341 billion ($258,777 average cost per unit); in 2016 the procurement cost for the U.S. Army was $68,534 per round. Versions that add laser-guidance capability and are designed to be fired from naval guns are under development.[5][6][7] As of October 2018, over 1,400 rounds had been fired in combat.[8]

Description

Excalibur was developed as a longer-ranged alternative to conventional artillery shells, with GPS guidance for improved accuracy.[9] Excalibur has a range of approximately 40 to 57 kilometres (25 to 35 mi) depending on configuration, with a circular error probable (CEP) of around 5 metres (16 ft) to 20 metres (66 ft).[10][11][12][13][14] The extended range is achieved through the use of folding glide fins, which allow the projectile to glide from the top of a ballistic arc towards the target.

The munition was co-developed by United States-based Raytheon Missile Systems (guidance system) and the Swedish BAE Systems Bofors (body, base, ballistics and payload).[9] Excalibur is used to minimize collateral damage, for targets beyond the range of standard munitions, for precise firing within 150 metres (490 ft) of friendly troops, or when firing in a straight line from the launching cannon is limited by terrain.[9][15] It has a multi-function fuze that can be programmed to explode in the air, once it hits a hard surface, or after it penetrates inside a target.[16] One Excalibur projectile can accurately hit an intended target that would require the use of between 10 and 50 unguided artillery rounds.[17]

Initial combat experience with Excalibur in Iraq in the summer of 2007 was highly successful, with 92% of rounds falling within 4 metres (13 ft) of the target. Its performance was so impressive that the U.S. Army planned to increase production to 150 rounds per month from the previous 18 rounds per month.[18][19] In 2012, Excalibur rounds reached new record ranges in combat of 36 kilometers.[20]

Guns that Excalibur is compatible with are the British AS-90 SPG, Swedish Archer Artillery System, South African G6 howitzer, United States M198, M777 Lightweight and M109A6 Paladin self-propelled 155 mm howitzers, and the German Panzerhaubitze 2000.[21]

Variants

There are three versions of the system. Initial development effort was towards Increment I; Milestone C decisions will be made on Increment II and III in FY2013 with a demonstration of those capabilities by 2020.[3]

  • Increment I has a unitary penetrating warhead for use against stationary targets.
    • Increment Ia-1: Accelerated development, reduced range round. Entered service in 2007.[22] (XM982)[23]
    • Increment Ia-2: Extended range round with resistance to GPS jamming. (M982)[23]
    • Increment Ib: Full capability, reduced cost, mass-production round. (M982A1)[23]
      • Excalibur S: In June 2013, Raytheon initiated an internally funded program to upgrade the Excalibur Ib with a semi-active laser targeting capability. The SAL seeker will allow the shell to attack moving targets or those that have re-positioned after firing, and to change the impact point to avoid collateral damage.[24]
      • Excalibur N5: Version of the Excalibur S downsized into a 127 mm (5.0 in) shell to give naval guns mounted on destroyers and cruisers the ability to fire extended range guided projectiles.[25] Raytheon is also considering a millimeter wave seeker for fire-and-forget operations.[1]
      • Excalibur EST: Excalibur Shaped Trajectory, allows the shell to make its final approach at an angle; demonstrated in August 2018 and deployed shortly thereafter.[8]
  • Increment II "Smart" projectile for moving and time-sensitive targets.[3] May carry either 65 DPICM or two SADARM submunitions.[9]
  • Increment III "Discriminating" projectile "to search, detect, and selectively engage individual vehicles by distinguishing specific target characteristics".[3]

History

First operational use of M982 Excalibur, against a suspected insurgent safe house north of Baghdad on 5 May 2007.
US Army artillerymen preparing a M982 Excalibur round for firing in Afghanistan, 2008.

Excalibur started as a development program in 1992. The Operational Requirements Document (ORD) of May 1997 called for 200,000 rounds of an unguided munition with increased range at an estimated cost of $4,000/round, and Texas Instruments (now part of Raytheon) was awarded the initial EMD contract on 23 January 1998. In November 2001 the volume was cut to 76,677 rounds and soon after this was further reduced to 61,483,[26] but the developers were encouraged by the Indian experience of using Russian Krasnopol guided shells against Pakistani bunkers in the Kargil War of 1999.[27] In March 2004 the program was merged with a Swedish/U.S. program to create Trajectory Correctable Munitions, reflected in a new ORD in September 2004 which removed the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition "cluster bomb" variant in favor of the discriminating munition variant. Later that year the U.S. Army reduced its planned order to 30,000 rounds. Low-rate production of 500 rounds was approved in May 2005 and Raytheon was awarded a contract to produce 165 rounds in June 2005,[26] worth $22.1 million.[28] In September of that year, the round was successfully demonstrated at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.[29] Raytheon was awarded a $42.7 million contract for production of 335 Excalibur projectiles and related test articles and services in June 2006 for that fiscal year.[30]

In August 2006, technical problems relating to environmental sensitivity and GPS signal lock were discovered, pushing the expected in-service date to spring 2007.[22][31] Testing in September demonstrated an actual average CEP of 5 m or better.[32] Increment Ia-1 completed testing in early 2007 and in April that year the U.S. Army approved an Urgent Material Release to allow deployment to Iraq.[3] The Excalibur was first operationally fired in Iraq in May 2007.[33] Increment Ia-2 achieved a 40 km range in a live-fire demonstration in April 2007 and in July the Army Acquisition Executive approved the Milestone C decision for Ia-2 to enter low-rate production.[3]

In September 2008 both Raytheon and Alliant Techsystems were awarded competitive development contracts for Increment Ib mass production,[26] but Raytheon secured the final manufacturing contract in August 2010.[34] Test firings of Increment Ia-1 rounds in March 2009 revealed that the Honeywell inertial measurement unit was not up to standard, and it was replaced by a unit from Atlantic Inertial Systems. In April 2010 the U.S. Army's planned order was cut further, from 30,000 rounds to 6,264, which increased the unit cost sufficiently that it triggered an investigation under the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment. Normally a Nunn-McCurdy breach signals a program in trouble, but a 2012 RAND report concluded that the unit cost increases were caused by the cuts in procurement numbers: fewer shells were needed for the same effect, due to the improved accuracy of modern artillery.[26] The munition was developed with US$55.1 million in financial assistance from Sweden, which expected to receive service rounds in 2010. The Australian Army ordered US$40 million of Excalibur rounds in October 2007, an order revised in April 2008 to an estimated US$58 million.[35][36] In 2008 unit cost was US$85,000.[37]

Use of the Excalibur gave U.S. ground forces a precision weapon that, unlike bombs dropped from aircraft, is locally available to brigade commanders and not affected by weather conditions. It brought gun artillery back into utility in urban environments without fear of collateral damage or friendly fire unguided shells would risk, sometimes being called in only 50 m (160 ft) away from infantrymen, and the greater accuracy meant fewer shells needed to be fired, limiting the strain on the logistics train that provides ammunition. The Excalibur debuted in Afghanistan in February 2008.[16] In February 2012, a US Marine Corps M777 howitzer in Helmand province, Afghanistan, was used to fire a single Excalibur round that killed a group of insurgents at a Marine record range of 36 kilometres (22 mi).[38]

In December 2012, Raytheon received a $56.6 million contract for low-rate initial production of Excalibur Ib projectiles.[39] On 10 September 2013, Raytheon received a $54 million contract for a second lot of Excalibur Ib artillery rounds. The Excalibur Ib has improved reliability and lower unit cost than the previous Excalibur Ia-1 and Ia-2. At the time of the award, over 690 Excalibur projectiles had been fired in theater.[40] In February 2014, the U.S. Army and Raytheon fired 30 Excalibur Ib shells at test targets to confirm the performance and reliability of the configuration before full-rate production. Projectiles were fired from Paladin and M777 howitzers at ranges from 7 to 38 km (4.3 to 23.6 mi), each hitting within an average of 1.6 meters from the target.[17] On 3 April 2014, the last Excalibur Ia projectile was assembled, signaling the transition to Increment Ib focus. Over 6,500 Ia shells were delivered to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps as well as several international customers.[41] Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) for the Excalibur Ib was completed in May 2014, moving the projectile closer to full-rate production. Testing of the Excalibur Ib averaged a miss distance of less than 2 m (6.6 ft).[42] On 31 July 2014, Raytheon received a $52 million contract to begin full-rate production of the Excalibur Ib shell.[43]

In June 2014, Raytheon successfully test-fired its Excalibur S shell with a dual-mode GPS/SAL guidance system. The variant incorporates a laser spot tracker (LST) into the Excalibur Ib shell. The test was to validate the LST's ability to survive being fired from a howitzer and was initialized with GPS coordinates, then a laser designator guided the round to the target.[44]

Excalibur N5

In September 2015, Raytheon conducted a live fire guided test flight of the Excalibur N5, a company-funded initiative to reduce the 155 mm Excalibur shell to 5 in (127.0 mm) for use with naval guns mounted on destroyers and cruisers.[6] The Excalibur Ib and N5 have 70 per cent commonality, 99 per cent identical software, and the same guidance & navigation unit (GNU). Its primary uses would be to allow warships to accurately fire shells against land targets in support of troops ashore and inexpensively destroy fast attack craft (FAC) at longer ranges. Unguided 127 mm (5-inch) shells from Mark 45 naval guns have a range of 13 nmi (15 mi; 24 km), but can deliver accurate fire only out to 8 nmi (9.2 mi; 15 km), while small cruise missile-carrying attack boats can launch from 15–20 nmi (17–23 mi; 28–37 km) away. Like the land-based version, the Excalibur N5's guidance fins pop out after launch to glide the round out to longer ranges before turning nose-down and diving to the target, extending range to 20–26 nmi (23–30 mi; 37–48 km) depending on gun barrel length; although range would be greater with rocket assistance, cost would also be greater. Alternative seekers will be added to hit maneuvering targets, such as laser guidance that requires a spotter to designate it, and millimetre wave radar that needs no outside guidance.[1]

Operators

Map with M982 operators in blue

Current operators

Future or pending operators

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Excalibur Goes To Sea: Raytheon Smart Artillery Shoots Back - Breakingdefense.com, 12 January 2016
  2. ↑ "Development of the XM982 Excalibur Fuzing System" (PDF). 2005-04-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Excalibur XM982 Precision Engagement Projectiles" (PDF). Office of the Director, Operational Test & Evaluation. 2007.
  4. ↑ Lyons, John W. "Some Recent Sensor-Related Army Critical Technology Events". Defense Technical Information Center. National Defense University. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  5. ↑ "GAO-15-342SP DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs" (PDF). US Government Accountability Office. March 2015. p. 79. Retrieved 15 July 2015. Program cost is $1,934.1m (FY15) of which $790.4m is procurement cost, for 7,474 rounds for the US Army
  6. 1 2 "Raytheon's combat-proven Excalibur moves closer to sea-based application." - Raytheon news release, 30 September 2015
  7. ↑ - Raytheon news release, February 16 2016. Contract amount was $31.8 million for 464 rounds.
  8. 1 2 Raytheon, US Army upgrade Excalibur precision guided projectile. Army Recognition. 9 October 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "XM982 Excalibur 155mm Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  11. ↑ "Raytheon Company: Excalibur". Raytheon.com. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  12. ↑ Clark, Colin (2010-10-27). "Excalibur Use Rises In Afghanistan". DoD Buzz. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  13. ↑ John Pike. "XM982 Excalibur 155mm Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  14. ↑ "Raytheon-BAE Systems Bofors' Excalibur Closer to Fielding". Spacewar.com. 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  15. ↑ "Big Guns". MichaelYon.com. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  16. 1 2 Picatinny's GPS-guided Excalibur artillery round deemed 'amazingly accurate' by troop - Army.mil, 11 September 2008
  17. 1 2 US. Army and Raytheon successfully fired 30 GPS-guided Excalibur projectiles during firing test - Armyrecognition.com, 8 February 2014
  18. ↑ Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2007-09-03, page 20
  19. ↑ Swedish missile among U.S. Army's favourites in Iraq Archived 26 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Local, 2008-08-22
  20. ↑ "US Marines fire Excalibur from record range in Afghanistan." Space War, 13 June 2012.
  21. ↑ http://www.deagel.com/news/German-Army-PzH-2000-Howitzer-Test-Fires-Excalibur-155mm-Artillery-Projectile_n000012199.aspx
  22. 1 2 Strategy Page - Excalibur Delayed Again
  23. 1 2 3 Precision Strike Association Excalibur Overview Archived 22 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Raytheon Unveils Excalibur with Dual GPS and Semi-Active Laser Guidance - Deagel.com, 20 June 2013
  25. ↑ Excalibur S artillery shell can change course in flight - Defensesystems.com, 16 June 2014
  26. 1 2 3 4 Blickstein, Irv; Drezner, Jeffrey A.; et al. (2012), Root Cause Analyses of Nunn-McCurdy Breaches, Volume 2 - Excalibur Artillery Projectile and the Navy Enterprise Resource Planning Program, with an Approach to Analyzing Complexity and Risk, RAND Corporation, ISBN 9780833076434
  27. ↑ ""One Shot, One Kill" May Not Be Worth It". StrategyWorld.com. 7 February 2006.
  28. ↑ "Raytheon Receives $22.1M to Deliver Excalibur GPS Shells Ahead of Schedule". Defense Industry Daily. 30 June 2005.
  29. ↑ Troops could have new Picatinny-developed smart artillery munition by March - RDECOM Magazine Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ XM982 Excalibur - Deagel
  31. ↑ Strategy Page - Excalibur Freeze Out
  32. ↑ Successful Safety Testing of GPS-Guided Artillery Projectile Puts Raytheon-BAE Systems Bofors' Excalibur Closer to Fielding - Raytheon
  33. ↑ "America's First Team first-ever to fire Excalibur precision munition in combat". Archived from the original on 13 March 2012.
  34. ↑ Brannen, Kate (27 August 2010). "Raytheon Beats ATK to Win Excalibur Job".
  35. ↑ Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 1 October 2007 Archived 18 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Defense Security Cooperation Agency, April 2008 Archived 18 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Cannot Get Enough Excalibur
  38. ↑ Lamothe, Dan (30 June 2012). "Long shot: Artillery battery sets lethal record". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  39. ↑ Raytheon's new precision artillery ready for low-rate initial production - Raytheon press release, 20 February 2013
  40. ↑ US Army awards Raytheon $54 million for Excalibur Ib - PRNewswire.com, 10 September 2013
  41. ↑ Picatinny completes Excalibur 1a-2 production, transitions to 1b Archived 23 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. - Pica.Army.mil, 14 April 2014
  42. ↑ Excalibur Ib Completes US Army's Initial Operational Test and Evaluation - Deagel.com, 20 May 2014
  43. ↑ Excalibur Ib Enters Full Rate Production - Deagel.com, 31 July 2014
  44. ↑ Raytheon conducts first live fire test of Excalibur S - Raytheon news release, 15 June 2014
  45. ↑ http://www.armyrecognition.com/september_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/netherlands_buys_raytheon_excalibur_ib_projectiles_40909154.html
  • Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2003–2004

Further reading

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