Lynskey tribunal

The Lynskey Tribunal was a 1948 tribunal of inquiry into allegations of corruption among British government ministers and civil servants. The focus of the allegations were Sydney Stanley (real name Solomon Wulkan) a corrupt fraudster con-artist of Polish nationality who also worked as a spy passing information to the Zionist terror group Irgun. The allegations raised public alarm and disgust, in the economic climate of austerity that prevailed in contemporary Britain. Though there were no prosecutions, the enquiry resulted in ministerial resignations. Attempts were further made to deport Stanley, who had never gained British nationality, though this was found to be impracticable. He was then placed under severe restrictions and surveillance in accordance with the Aliens Order 1946 but in 1949 managed to escape the country and travel to Israel, where he was granted citizenship in accordance with its right-of-return laws.

Background

The years following the Second World War saw the United Kingdom suffering from widespread material shortages and from rationing more severe than it had been during the war. During 1948, allegations began to surface that ministers and civil servants were taking bribes to help businessmen circumvent the rules. Home Secretary James Chuter Ede established a tribunal under High Court judge Sir George Lynskey, assisted by Godfrey Vick KC and Gerald Upjohn KC, and with a broad ranging remit to enquire into the allegations. The enquiry was thought to be sufficiently important to recall Attorney-General Sir Hartley Shawcross from his mission to the United Nations, where he was completing the administration of the Nuremberg Trials, so that he could lead for the government's interest.[1] Goodhart argued that using Shawcross's elite forensic skills enhanced the efficiency, effectiveness and reputation of the Tribunal.[2]

Allegations

The principal allegations centred on the activities of Sydney Stanley (ne Solomon Wulkan, alias Stanley Rechtand, Koszyski etc.) a fraudster, Zionist Spy, illegal immigrant from Poland and undischarged bankrupt.[1][3][4] Stanley mixed with the great and the good of London society and rumours circulated that he was able, through his government contacts, to shortcut "red tape" and arrange preferential treatment, in return for monetary bribes.[1]

It was alleged, inter alia, that Stanley had taken money from:

Junior minister John Belcher and director of the Bank of England, and former president of the TUC,[5] George Gibson were accused of corruption and they had certainly received gifts from Stanley including suits for which Stanley had provided the clothing coupons. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Hugh Dalton was also accused, as was Minister of Works Charles Key,[1] and Robert Liversidge, a businessman whose internment during World War II had been something of a cause célèbre.[6] The informal nature of the proceedings, convened without any defined indictment, led to a frenzy of speculation and allegation in the press.[1]

Though Stanley had been named as a Zionist spy by an MI5 report,[7] which accused him of passing on information gained from Manny Shinwell a Jewish cabinet minister and known supporter of Zionism, to the extreme Zionist terrorist group Irgun which at the time was carrying out a campaign of bombings and assassinations, against British officials and Palestinian civilians, in an attempt to overthrow the British Mandatory Government of Palestine.[8] Shinwell was certainly acquainted with Stanley, having requested his help and perceived influence in finding Shinwell's son Ernie suitable employment in the private sector. The Irgun thus obtained in advance such information as the disbandment of the Transjordan Frontier Force.[9]

The Tribunal focused solely on Stanley's fraudulent financial activities and influence-peddling, neglecting all allegations about his spying which were not raised at the tribunal.[10]

Tribunal

The Tribunal sat in public for 26 days hearing witnesses at Church House, Westminster, with Stanley in attendance. It was a great public spectacle. The tribunal rose just before Christmas 1948 and reported on 28 January 1949.[1][11]

Findings and aftermath

The enquiry concluded that Belcher and Gibson had been influenced in their public conduct and the police were of the view that they could be charged though Shawcross argued that prosecution would not be in the public interest so long as they resigned.[3] Belcher and Gibson resigned. The Civil Service, Dalton, Key,[12] Liversidge[6] and others were exonerated. Stanley was proved a liar.[1] Though no steps were taken to prosecute Stanley, there was a widespread sentiment that he ought to be deported.[13] He left the UK, somewhat clandestinely, for Israel in April 1949.[14]

The Tribunal led to the establishment of a Committee on Intermediaries to examine "how far persons are making a business of acting as ... intermediaries between Government Departments and the public, and to report whether the activities of such persons are liable to give rise to abuses..."[15]

Geoffrey Fisher, the Archbishop of Canterbury, seemed to capture much public distaste for the revelations of the tribunal when he observed:[16]

We jealously keep our political life and Civil Service above suspicion, but does this mean that we do not expect business life to be too honest? May palms be greased there openly or under a disguise? Is that ordinary or almost necessary? I have been told that it is.

— Radio broadcast, 2 January 1949

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bryson (2004)
  2. ↑ Goodhart, A. L. (1965) "The Warren Commission From The Procedural Standpoint Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine." New York University Law Review, 40 404–423
  3. 1 2 Baston (2004)
  4. ↑ Rogers (1951)
  5. ↑ Dorril, S. & Ramsay, R., In a Common Cause: the Anti-Communist Crusade in Britain 1945-60, Lobster, No.19, 4
  6. 1 2 Simpson, A. W. B. (1992). In the Highest Degree Odious: Detention without Trial in Wartime Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 366. ISBN 0-19-825775-9.
  7. ↑ Andrew (2009) p.360
  8. ↑ "Jewish Terrorism under the British Mandate". Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle-east. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016.
  9. ↑ Andrew (2009) p.361
  10. ↑ Andrew (2009) pp.360-362
  11. ↑ Andrew (2009) pp.361-362
  12. ↑ Wade Baron (1966) p. 228
  13. ↑ Andrew (2009) p.362
  14. ↑ Wade Baron (1966) p.242
  15. ↑ Newell (2007)
  16. ↑ Wade Baron (1966) p.227

Bibliography

  • [Anon.] (1949a) Report of the tribunal appointed to inquire into allegations reflecting on the official conduct of ministers of the crown and other public servants, Cmd. 7617
  • — (1949b) Proceedings of the tribunal appointed to inquire into allegations reflecting on the official conduct of ministers of the crown and other public servants
  • Andrew, C. (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-141-02330-4.
  • Baston, L. (2000). Sleaze: The State of Britain. Channel 4 Books. ISBN 0-7522-1783-6.
  • — (2004) "Belcher, John William (1905–1964)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 20 July 2007 (subscription required)
  • Bolsover, P. (1949). Corruption - Comments on the Lynskey Tribunal. London: Communist Party of Great Britain.
  • Bryson, G. (2004) "Lynskey, Sir George Justin (1888–1957)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press accessed 21 July 2007 (subscription required)
  • Day, P. (2000) "Attlee’s Government was Riddled with Sleaze", The Independent, 5 January, p.8
  • Doig, A. (1996). "From Lynskey to Nolan: The corruption of British politics and public service?". Journal of Law and Society. Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 23, No. 1. 23 (1): 36–56. doi:10.2307/1410466. JSTOR 1410466.
  • Gross, J. (1963) "The Lynskey Tribunal", in Sissons, M. & French, P. (1963). Age of Austerity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 255–75. ISBN 0-19-281949-6.
  • Kynaston, D. (2007). Austerity Britain: 1945-51. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0-7475-7985-4.
  • March, W. (1949). The Story of the Lynskey Tribunal. London: Alvin Redman.
  • Morgan, K. O. (1985). Labour in Power, 1945–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285150-0.
  • Newell, J. L. (2007) "Ethical Conduct and Perceptions of Public Probity in Britain: the Story so Far", paper presented to the workshop on "Corruption and Democracy in Europe: Public Opinion and Social Representations", University of Salford, 29–31 March.
  • Pimlott, B. (ed.) (1986). The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918–1940, 1945–1960. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-01912-0.
  • Rhodes, H. T. F. (1949). The Lynskey Tribunal. London: Thames Bank.
  • Robinton, M. R. (1953). "The Lynskey tribunal: the British method of dealing with political corruption". Political Science Quarterly. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 1. 68 (1): 109–124. doi:10.2307/2145753. JSTOR 2145753.
  • Rogers, L. (1951). "The problem and its solution". The University of Chicago Law Review. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 18, No. 3. 18 (3): 464–477. doi:10.2307/1597771. JSTOR 1597771.
  • Roodhouse, M. (2002). "The 1948 Belcher affair and Lynskey tribunal". Twentieth Century British History. 13 (4): 384–411. doi:10.1093/tcbh/13.4.384.
  • — (2005) "Gibson, George (1885–1953)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 21 July 2007 (subscription required)
  • Shawcross, H. (1995). Life Sentence. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-474980-9.
  • Wade Baron, S. (1966). The Contact Man: The Story of Sidney Stanley and the Lynskey Tribunal. Secker & Warburg.
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