Listeria phage P100

Listeria phage P100
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: Caudovirales
Family: Myoviridae
Subfamily: Spounavirinae
Genus: Twortlikevirus
Species: Listeria phage P100

Listeria phage P100 is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Twortlikevirus.[1][2]

As a member of the group I of the Baltimore classification, Listeria phage P100 is a dsDNA virus. As a member of the Myoviridae family, P100 shares a nonenveloped morphology consisting of a head and a tail separated by a neck. Its genome is linear. The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Listeria phage P100 is a bacteriophage) and the injection of the double stranded DNA; the host transcribes and translates it to manufacture new particles. To replicate its genetic content requires host cell DNA polymerases and, hence, the process is highly dependent on the cell cycle.[3]

Characteristics

Listeria phage P100 targets Listeria monocytogenes, the bacterial pathogen responsible for Listeriosis. Unlike most phages infecting bacteria in the Listeria genus, Listeria phage P100 is a virulent phage.[4] [5] This means that it is strictly lytic, making it absolutely lethal to Listeria after infection.[6] the contractile tail of the Listeria phage P100 serves as the mechanism in which DNA is ejected from the (non-encased) protein capsid into the host's cytoplasm, where DNA replication occurs independently from the host. Additionally, the P100 type has a very larger host range, accounting for over 95% of all bacteria types within the Listeria genus that appear in food (unlike most phages in its genus.)

Treatment Potential

Listeria phage P100 has been proposed as food additive to control Listeria monocytogenes,[7] the bacteria responsible for Listeriosis. Aside from its wide host range and virulence, recent bioinformatic analyses were done to study the possible use of Listeria phage P100 as a possible food additive.[7] Results have indicated that none among the phage proteins have homology to genes or proteins of Listeria, or other related toxins or any possible factors known to related to antibiotic resistance. Listeria phage P100 has additionally been shown to be generally stable under storage conditions.[8]

Listeria phage P100 is a key component to the food additive Listex P100, which has received GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US food and drug administration and is currently approved for use in the European Union as well.

Genome

Its genome contains 131,385 base pairs that encode 174 open reading frames and 18 tRNAs. [7]the requirement for each open reading frame (ORF) was the presence of one of the following start codons: ATG, TTG, or GTG as well as a suitable ribosomal binding site and a minimum length of 40 encoded amino acids.[7]

P100 appears to be closely related to Listeria phage A511, which is also virulent. Both belong morphologically to the Myoviridae family. Further phenotypical observations also correlate well, showing significant nucleotide homologies between them.[6] There are also some shared sequences with other Myoviridae phages that infect Gram-Positive bacteria.[9]

References

  1. ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2011). "Master Species List of 2011, version 2". Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  2. ↑ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (July 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)". Archives of Virology. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMID 22481600.
  3. ↑ Baltimore D (September 1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological Reviews. 35 (3): 235–41. PMC 378387. PMID 4329869.
  4. ↑ Carlton RM, Noordman WH, Biswas B, de Meester ED, Loessner MJ (December 2005). "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 43 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
  5. ↑ Waldor MK, Friedman DI, Adhya SL, eds. (2005-09-27). Phages: Their Role in Pathogen and Biotechnology (1st ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 9781555813079.
  6. 1 2 van der Mee-Marquet N, Loessner M, Audurier A (September 1997). "Evaluation of seven experimental phages for inclusion in the international phage set for the epidemiological typing of Listeria monocytogenes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63 (9): 3374–7. PMID 9292987.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Carlton RM, Noordman WH, Biswas B, de Meester ED, Loessner MJ (December 2005). "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 43 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
  8. ↑ Iacumin L, Manzano M, Comi G (January 2016). "Phage Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on San Daniele Dry-Cured Ham and Elimination of Biofilms from Equipment and Working Environments". Microorganisms. 4 (1). doi:10.3390/microorganisms4010004. PMC 5029509. PMID 27681898.
  9. ↑ O'Flaherty S, Coffey A, Edwards R, Meaney W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (May 2004). "Genome of staphylococcal phage K: a new lineage of Myoviridae infecting gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content". Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (9): 2862–71. doi:10.1128/JB.186.9.2862-2871.2004. PMC 387793. PMID 15090528.
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