List of small groups

The following list in mathematics contains the finite groups of small order up to group isomorphism.

Counts

(sequence A000001 in the OEIS)

For labeled groups, see  A034383.

Glossary

Each group is named by their Small Groups library index as G_oⁱ, where o is the order of the group, and i is the index of the group within that order.

Common group names:

• Z_n: the cyclic group of order n (the notation C_n is also used; it is isomorphic to the additive group of Z/nZ).
• Dih_n: the dihedral group of order 2n (often the notation D_n or D_2n is used )
  • K₄: the Klein four-group of order 4, same as Z₂ × Z₂ or Dih₂.
• S_n: the symmetric group of degree n, containing the n! permutations of n elements.
• A_n: the alternating group of degree n, containing the even permutations of n elements, of order 1 for n = 0, 1, and order n!/2 otherwise.
• Dic_n or Q_4n: the dicyclic group of order 4n.
  • Q₈: the quaternion group of order 8, also Dic₂.

The notations Z_n and Dih_n have the advantage that point groups in three dimensions C_n and D_n do not have the same notation. There are more isometry groups than these two, of the same abstract group type.

The notation G × H denotes the direct product of the two groups; Gⁿ denotes the direct product of a group with itself n times. G ⋊ H denotes a semidirect product where H acts on G; this may also depend on the choice of action of H on G

Abelian and simple groups are noted. (For groups of order n < 60, the simple groups are precisely the cyclic groups Z_n, for prime n.) The equality sign ("=") denotes isomorphism.

The identity element in the cycle graphs is represented by the black circle. The lowest order for which the cycle graph does not uniquely represent a group is order 16.

In the lists of subgroups, the trivial group and the group itself are not listed. Where there are several isomorphic subgroups, the number of such subgroups is indicated in parentheses.

List of small abelian groups

The finite abelian groups are either cyclic groups, or direct products thereof; see abelian groups.

(sequence A000688 in the OEIS)

For labeled Abelian groups, see  A034382.

List of all abelian groups up to order 31

Order	ID	Goi	Group	Nontrivial proper Subgroups	Cycle graph	Properties
1[1]	1	G11	Z1[2] = S1 = A2	–		Trivial. Cyclic. Alternating. Symmetric. Elementary.
2[3]	2	G21	Z2[4] = S2 = Dih1	–		Simple. Symmetric. Cyclic. Elementary. (Smallest non-trivial group.)
3[5]	3	G31	Z3[6] = A3	–		Simple. Alternating. Cyclic. Elementary.
4[7]	4	G41	Z4[8] = Dic1	Z2		Cyclic.
	5	G42	Z22 = K4[9] = Dih2	Z2 (3)		Elementary. Product. (Klein four-group. The smallest non-cyclic group.)
5[10]	6	G51	Z5[11]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
6[12]	8	G62	Z6[13] = Z3 × Z2[14]	Z3, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
7[15]	9	G71	Z7[16]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
8[17]	10	G81	Z8[18]	Z4, Z2		Cyclic.
	11	G82	Z4 × Z2[19]	Z22, Z4 (2), Z2 (3)		Product.
	14	G85	Z23[20]	Z22 (7), Z2 (7)		Product. Elementary. (The non-identity elements correspond to the points in the Fano plane, the Z2 × Z2 subgroups to the lines.)
9[21]	15	G91	Z9[22]	Z3		Cyclic.
	16	G92	Z32[23]	Z3 (4)		Elementary. Product.
10[24]	18	G102	Z10[25] = Z5 × Z2	Z5, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
11[26]	19	G111	Z11[27]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
12[28]	21	G122	Z12[29] = Z4 × Z3	Z6, Z4, Z3, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
	24	G125	Z6 × Z2[30] = Z3 × Z22	Z6 (3), Z3, Z2 (3), Z22		Product.
13	25	G131	Z13[31]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
14[32]	27	G142	Z14[33] = Z7 × Z2	Z7, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
15[34]	28	G151	Z15[35] = Z5 × Z3	Z5, Z3		Cyclic. Product.
16[36]	29	G161	Z16[37]	Z8, Z4, Z2		Cyclic.
	30	G162	Z42[38]	Z2 (3), Z4 (6), Z22, Z4 × Z2 (3)		Product.
	33	G165	Z8 × Z2[39]	Z2 (3), Z4 (2), Z22, Z8 (2), Z4 × Z2		Product.
	38	G1610	Z4 × Z22[40]	Z2 (7), Z4 (4), Z22 (7), Z23, Z4 × Z2 (6)		Product.
	42	G1614	Z24[19] = K42	Z2 (15), Z22 (35), Z23 (15)		Product. Elementary.
17	43	G171	Z17[41]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
18[42]	45	G182	Z18[43] = Z9 × Z2	Z9, Z6, Z3, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
	48	G185	Z6 × Z3[44] = Z32 × Z2	Z6, Z3, Z2		Product.
19	49	G191	Z19[45]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
20[46]	51	G202	Z20[47] = Z5 × Z4	Z20, Z10, Z5, Z4, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
	54	G205	Z10 × Z2[48] = Z5 × Z22	Z5, Z2		Product.
21[49]	56	G212	Z21[50] = Z7 × Z3	Z7, Z3		Cyclic. Product.
22[51]	58	G222	Z22[52] = Z11 × Z2	Z11, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
23	59	G231	Z23[53]	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
24[54]	61	G242	Z24[55] = Z8 × Z3	Z12, Z8, Z6, Z4, Z3, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
	68	G249	Z12 × Z2[56] = Z6 × Z4 = Z4 × Z3 × Z2	Z12, Z6, Z4, Z3, Z2		Product.
	74	G2415	Z6 × Z22[40] = Z3 × Z23	Z6, Z3, Z2		Product.
25	75	G251	Z25	Z5		Cyclic.
	76	G252	Z52	Z5		Product. Elementary.
26	78	G262	Z26 = Z13 × Z2	Z13, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
27[57]	79	G271	Z27	Z9, Z3		Cyclic.
	80	G272	Z9 × Z3	Z9, Z3		Product.
	83	G275	Z33	Z3		Product. Elementary.
28[58]	85	G282	Z28 = Z7 × Z4	Z14, Z7, Z4, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
	87	G284	Z14 × Z2 = Z7 × Z22	Z14, Z7, Z4, Z2		Product.
29	88	G291	Z29	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.
30[59]	92	G304	Z30 = Z15 × Z2 = Z10 × Z3 = Z6 × Z5 = Z5 × Z3 × Z2	Z15, Z10, Z6, Z5, Z3, Z2		Cyclic. Product.
31	93	G311	Z31	–		Simple. Cyclic. Elementary.

List of small non-abelian groups

(sequence A060689 in the OEIS)

Orders of non-abelian groups are

6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 142, ... (sequence A060652 in the OEIS)

List of all nonabelian groups up to order 31

Order	ID	Goi	Group	Nontrivial proper Subgroups	Cycle graph	Properties
6[12]	7	G61	Dih3 = S3[60] = D6	Z3, Z2 (3)		Dihedral group, the smallest non-abelian group, symmetric group, Frobenius group
8[17]	12	G83	Dih4 = D8[61]	Z4, Z22 (2), Z2 (5)		Dihedral group. Extraspecial group. Nilpotent.
	13	G84	Q8[62] = Dic2 = <2,2,2>	Z4 (3), Z2		Quaternion group, Hamiltonian group. all subgroups are normal without the group being abelian. The smallest group G demonstrating that for a normal subgroup H the quotient group G/H need not be isomorphic to a subgroup of G. Extraspecial group Binary dihedral group. Nilpotent.
10[24]	17	G101	Dih5 = D10[63]	Z5, Z2 (5)		Dihedral group, Frobenius group
12[28]	20	G121	Q12[64] = Dic3 = <3,2,2> = Z3 ⋊ Z4	Z2, Z3, Z4 (3), Z6		Binary dihedral group
	22	G123	A4[65]	Z22, Z3 (4), Z2 (3)		Alternating group. No subgroups of order 6, although 6 divides its order. Frobenius group
	23	G124	Dih6 = D12[66] = Dih3 × Z2	Z6, Dih3 (2), Z22 (3), Z3, Z2 (7)		Dihedral group, product
14[32]	26	G141	Dih7	Z7, Z2 (7)		Dihedral group, Frobenius group
16[36][67]	31	G163	G4,4 = K4 ⋊ Z4 (Z4×Z2) ⋊ Z2	E8, Z4 × Z2 (2), Z4 (4), K4 (6), Z2 (6)		Has the same number of elements of every order as the Pauli group. Nilpotent.
	32	G164	Z4 ⋊ Z4			The squares of elements do not form a subgroup. Has the same number of elements of every order as Q8 × Z2. Nilpotent.
	34	G166	Z8 ⋊ Z2			Sometimes called the modular group of order 16, though this is misleading as abelian groups and Q8 × Z2 are also modular. Nilpotent.
	35	G167	Dih8	Z8, Dih4 (2), Z22 (4), Z4, Z2 (9)		Dihedral group. Nilpotent.
	36	G168	QD16			The order 16 quasidihedral group. Nilpotent.
	37	G169	Q16 = Dic4 = <4,2,2>			generalized quaternion group, binary dihedral group. Nilpotent.
	39	G1611	Dih4 × Z2	Dih4 (4), Z4 × Z2, Z23 (2), Z22 (13), Z4 (2), Z2 (11)		Product. Nilpotent.
	40	G1612	Q8 × Z2			Hamiltonian, product. Nilpotent.
	41	G1613	(Z4 × Z2) ⋊ Z2			The Pauli group generated by the Pauli matrices. Nilpotent.
18[42]	44	G181	Dih9			Dihedral group, Frobenius group
	46	G183	S3 × Z3			Product
	47	G184	(Z3 × Z3) ⋊ Z2			Frobenius group
20[46]	50	G201	Q20 = Dic5 = <5,2,2>			Binary dihedral group
	52	G203	Z5 ⋊ Z4			Frobenius group
	53	G204	Dih10 = Dih5 × Z2			Dihedral group, product
21[49]	55	G211	Z7 ⋊ Z3	Z7, Z3 (7)		Smallest non-abelian group of odd order. Frobenius group
22[51]	57	G221	Dih11			Dihedral group, Frobenius group
24[54]	60	G241	Z3 ⋊ Z8			Central extension of S3
	62	G243	SL(2,3) = 2T = Q8 ⋊ Z3			Binary tetrahedral group
	63	G244	Q24 = Dic6 = <6,2,2> = Z3 ⋊ Q8			Binary dihedral
	64	G245	Z4 × S3			Product
	65	G246	Dih12			Dihedral group
	66	G247	Dic3 × Z2 = Z2 × (Z3 ⋊ Z4)			Product
	67	G248	(Z6 × Z2) ⋊ Z2 = Z3 ⋊ Dih4			Double cover of dihedral group
	69	G2410	Dih4 × Z3			Product. Nilpotent.
	70	G2411	Q8 × Z3			Product. Nilpotent.
	71	G2412	S4			Symmetric group. Has no normal Sylow subgroups.
	72	G2413	A4 × Z2			Product
	73	G2414	D12× Z2			Product
26	77	G261	Dih13			Dihedral group, Frobenius group
27[57]	81	G273	Z32 ⋊ Z3			All non-trivial elements have order 3. Extraspecial group. Nilpotent.
	82	G274	Z9 ⋊ Z3			Extraspecial group. Nilpotent.
28[58]	84	G281	Z7 ⋊ Z4			Binary dihedral group
	86	G283	Dih14			Dihedral group, product
30[59]	89	G301	Z5 × S3			Product
	90	G302	Z3 × Dih5			Product
	91	G303	Dih15			Dihedral group, Frobenius group

Classifying groups of small order

Small groups of prime power order pⁿ are given as follows:

• Order p: The only group is cyclic.
• Order p²: There are just two groups, both abelian.
• Order p³: There are three abelian groups, and two non-abelian groups. One of the non-abelian groups is the semidirect product of a normal cyclic subgroup of order p² by a cyclic group of order p. The other is the quaternion group for p = 2 and a group of exponent p for p > 2.
• Order p⁴: The classification is complicated, and gets much harder as the exponent of p increases.

Most groups of small order have a Sylow p subgroup P with a normal p-complement N for some prime p dividing the order, so can be classified in terms of the possible primes p, p-groups P, groups N, and actions of P on N. In some sense this reduces the classification of these groups to the classification of p-groups. Some of the small groups that do not have a normal p complement include:

• Order 24: The symmetric group S₄
• Order 48: The binary octahedral group and the product S₄ × Z₂
• Order 60: The alternating group A₅.

Small groups library

The group theoretical computer algebra system GAP contains the "Small Groups library" which provides access to descriptions of small order groups. The groups are listed up to isomorphism. At present, the library contains the following groups:^[68]

• those of order at most 2000;^[69]
• those of cubefree order at most 50000 (395 703 groups);
• those of squarefree order;
• those of order pⁿ for n at most 6 and p prime;
• those of order p⁷ for p = 3, 5, 7, 11 (907 489 groups);
• those of order pqⁿ where qⁿ divides 2⁸, 3⁶, 5⁵ or 7⁴ and p is an arbitrary prime which differs from q;
• those whose orders factorise into at most 3 primes (count with multiplicity).

It contains explicit descriptions of the available groups in computer readable format.

The smallest order for which the SmallGroups library does not have information is 2048.^[70][link broken]

See also

• Classification of finite simple groups
• Composition series
• List of finite simple groups
• Number of groups of a given order
• Small Latin squares and quasigroups

Notes

References

• Coxeter, H. S. M. & Moser, W. O. J. (1980). Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-09212-9. , Table 1, Nonabelian groups order<32.
• Hall, Jr., Marshall; Senior, James K. (1964). "The Groups of Order 2ⁿ (n ≤ 6)". Macmillan. MR 0168631. A catalog of the 340 groups of order dividing 64 with tables of defining relations, constants, and lattice of subgroups of each group.

External links

• Particular groups in the Group Properties Wiki
• Number of groups of given order
• Groups of given order
• Besche, H. U.; Eick, B.; O'Brien, E. "small group library". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05.
• GroupNames database