List of off-season Australian region tropical cyclones
An off-season Australian tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that existed in the Australian Region, between 90°E and 160°E, outside of the official season. The World Meteorological Organization currently defines the season as occurring between 1 November and 30 April, of the following year, which is when the majority of all tropical cyclones exist. During the off-season, systems are more likely to either develop during or persist until May, with approximately 52% of such storms occurring during that month. Occasionally, however, storms develop in October, with approximately 34% of such storms occurring during that month. As of 2017, there have been 86 tropical cyclones known to have occurred off-season.
Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the Coral Sea, with most affecting land in some way. Cumulatively, at least 4 deaths occurred due to the storms, The most recent off-season storm was Tropical Cyclone Greg in May 2017.
Systems
The wind speeds listed are maximum ten-minute average sustained winds, while the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure, both of which are estimates taken from the archives of either Meteo France, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Fiji Meteorological Service, and New Zealand's MetService. If there are no known estimates of either the winds or pressure then the system is listed as "Not specified" under winds or pressure, if there is no known estimated winds or pressure. For deaths and damages "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed | 4 – 8 May 1898 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Unnamed | 7 – 10 July 1904 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | New South Wales | None | None | [1] |
Unnamed | 25 April – 2 May 1908 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Western Australia, Tasmania | None | None | [2] |
Unnamed | 27 April – 2 May 1908 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Indonesia | None | None | [3] |
Unnamed | 11 – 16 July 1912 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland, New Zealand | None | None | [4] |
Unnamed | 14 – 20 May 1919 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | New Zealand | None | None | [5] |
Unnamed | 1 – 2 July 1921 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [6] |
Unnamed | 20 – 28 July 1921 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland, New Zealand | None | None | [7] |
Unnamed | 1 – 6 October 1921 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland, New Zealand | None | None | [8] |
Unnamed | 1 – 7 June 1925 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [9] |
Unnamed | 1 – 6 May 1926 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [10] |
05U | 15 – 20 May 1926 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.50 inHg) | 999Queensland | None | None | [11][12] |
Unnamed | 1 – 4 June 1929 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [13] |
09U | 13 – 17 June 1929 | Not Specified | Not Specified | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | None | None | None | [11] |
Unnamed | 1 – 4 July 1932 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [14] |
Unnamed | 1 – 4 July 1934 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [15] |
06U | 24 – 27 May 1935 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.59 inHg) | 1002None | None | None | [11][16] |
Unnamed | 30 August – 3 September 1935 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.50 inHg) | 999Queensland | None | None | [17] |
03U | 28 – 30 May 1941 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.50 inHg) | 999Queensland | None | None | [11] |
09U | 29 April – 1 May 1948 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [11] |
01U | 26 – 28 October 1952 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.47 inHg) | 998None | None | None | [11][18] |
20U | 30 April – 1 May 1956 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.35 inHg) | 994None | None | None | [11] |
01U | 29 – 30 August 1956 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | None | None | None | [11] |
02U | 26 October – 1 November 1956 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.65 inHg) | 1,004None | None | None | [11] |
32P | 4 – 15 June 1958 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.18 inHg) | 988Solomon Islands, New Caledonia New Zealand | None | None | [19] |
18U | 4 – 12 June 1958 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.12 inHg) | 986Queensland | None | None | [20] |
33P | 19 – 22 June 1958 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [21] |
24P | 24 – 29 May 1960 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [22] |
15U | 15 – 21 July 1960 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.38 inHg) | 995None | None | None | [11] |
49P | 3 – 9 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Solomon Islands, Queensland | None | None | [23] |
32U | 2 – 9 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.74 inHg) | 1007Solomon Islands, Queensland | None | None | [11][24] |
33U | 6 – 13 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.80 inHg) | 1,009None | None | None | [11] |
34U | 7 – 8 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.53 inHg) | 1,000None | None | None | [11] |
35U | 7 – 14 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.53 inHg) | 1000Solomon Islands, Vanuatu New Caledonia | None | None | [11][25] |
53P | 10 – 12 May 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | New Caledonia | None | None | [26] |
37U | 22 – 25 June 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.56 inHg) | 1,001New Caledonia | None | None | [11][27] |
38U | 23 June – 4 July 1963 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.12 inHg) | 986New Caledonia | None | None | [11][28] |
Esther | 26 April – 2 May 1969 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.29 inHg) | 992Papua New Guinea | None | None | [29] |
Lulu | 4 – 9 May 1970 | Unknown | Unknown | 996 hPa (29.42 inHg) | Western Australia | None | None | [30] |
32P | 22 – 23 June 1970 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | None | None | None | [31] |
Hannah | 7 – 11 May 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea | None | None | [32] |
Marcelle | 29 April – 9 May 1973 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 115 km/h (70 mph) | 973 hPa (28.71 inHg) | South-Western Australia | None | None | [33] |
02P | 8 – 14 July 1973 | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | [34] |
Alice | 14 – 24 September 1974 | Not Specified | Not Specified | hPa (29.41 inHg) | 996None | None | None | [35][36] |
Marcia | 17 – 25 October 1974 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 90 km/h (55 mph) | 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) | Cocos Island | None | None | [37] |
Unnamed | 17 – 19 October 1974 | Tropical depression | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | [37] |
Norah | 28 October – 4 November 1974 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (60 mph) | 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) | Christmas Island, Cocos Island | None | None | [38] |
Denise | 19 – 25 May 1975 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.30 inHg) | Cocos Island | Minor | None | [39] |
Carol | 3 – 9 May 1976 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 90 km/h (55 mph) | 990 hPa (29.30 inHg) | None | None | None | [40] |
Verna | 28 April – 3 May 1977 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 125 km/h (80 mph) | 973 hPa (28.71 inHg) | Northern Territory | None | None | [41] |
Kevin | 2 – 12 May 1979 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 70 km/h (45 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | None | None | None | [42][43] |
Paddy | 25 – 30 May 1981 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 973 hPa (28.74 inHg) | Western Australia | None | None | [44] |
Alex | 19 – 27 October 1981 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | None | None | None | [45] |
Karla | 30 April – 4 May 1982 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 170 km/h (105 mph) | 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) | None | None | None | [46] |
Claudia | 13 – 18 May 1982 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990Solomon Islands | None | None | [47][48] |
Naomi | 21 April – 2 May 1983 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | None | None | None | [49] |
Oscar | 22 October – 1 November 1983 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 968 hPa (28.56 inHg) | None | None | None | [50] |
Billy – Lila | 5 – 12 May 1986 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 170 km/h (105 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Western Australia | None | None | [51][52] |
Meena | 1 – 10 May 1989 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 85 km/h (50 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990Cape York Peninsula | None | None | [53][54] |
Ernie | 6 – 12 May 1989 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990None | None | None | [55][56] |
02S | 14 – 16 July 1989 | Tropical cyclone | Not Specified | Not Specified | None | None | None | [57][58] |
1990s
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lisa | 7 – 11 May 1991 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | hPa (28.79 inHg) | 975Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | None | None | [59][60] |
Adel | 13 – 15 May 1993 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990Papua New Guinea | Minimal | 3 | [61][62] |
Willy | 26 April – 1 May 1994 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 85 km/h (55 mph) | hPa (29.09 inHg) | 985Cocos Islands | None | None | [63][64] |
Unnamed | 30 April – 5 May 1996 | Tropical low | 85 km/h (55 mph) | Not Specified | Queensland | None | None | |
Rhonda | 10 – 16 May 1997 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | hPa (27.61 inHg) | 935Cocos Island, Western Australia | None | None | [65][66] |
Lindsay | 9 – 13 July 1997 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990None | None | None | [67][68] |
Melanie – Bellamine | 28 October – 1 November 1997 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990None | None | None | [69][70] |
Zelia | 7 – 10 October 1998 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990None | None | None | [71][72] |
Alex – Andre | 26 – 31 October 2001 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | hPa (28.94 inHg) | 980None | None | None | [73] |
Errol | 8 – 14 May 2002 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | hPa (29.38 inHg) | 995None | None | None | [74] |
Upia | 21 – 29 May 2002 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | hPa (29.38 inHg) | 995Budelun Island | None | None | [75] |
Epi | 5 – 6 June 2003 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | hPa (29.32 inHg) | 993Papua New Guinea | None | None | |
Phoebe | 1 – 5 September 2004 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 85 km/h (55 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | None | None | None | [76] |
Pierre | 15 – 23 May 2007 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | Papua New Guinea | Minimal | None | [11][77] |
01U/01S | 26 July – 1 August 2007 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | None | None | None | [78][79] |
Kirrily | 18 April – 1 May 2009 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Indonesia | Minimal | None | [80] |
24U | 10 – 18 May 2009 | Tropical low | 35 km/h (25 mph) | 1009 hPa (29.80 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Anggrek | 28 October – 4 November 2010 | Tropical low | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | None | None | [nb 1][81] |
19S | 7 – 14 May 2012 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | Indonesia, East Timor | None | None | |
21P | 27 – 30 June 2012 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | None | N/A | None | [82] |
Zane | 27 April – 1 May 2013 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | None | None | [11] |
Quang | 27 April – 1 May 2015 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Western Australia | Minor | None | [83] |
Raquel | 28 June – 5 July 2015 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 85 km/h (50 mph) | hPa (29.23 inHg) | 990Solomon Islands | Significant | 1 | [84][85][86] |
Frances | 21 April – 1 May 2017 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | hPa (28.94 inHg) | 980Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Timor Leste | None | None | [87] |
Greg | 29 April – 1 May 2017 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | hPa (29.44 inHg) | 997Cocos (Keeling) Islands | None | None | [88] |
Records and statistics
The charts below both show during which month a tropical cyclone developed during the off-season. The statistics for April are not complete and only show those systems that formed during the month and either dissipated on 30 April, or persisted into the off-season.
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Notes
See also
References
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1905 MISSING (1904190S33142). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1908 MISSING (1908117S14124). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1908 MISSING (1908119S05134). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1913 Missing (1912194S18135). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1919 MISSING (1919135S21155). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1922 MISSING (1921182S24151). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1922 MISSING (1921202S16158). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1922 MISSING (1921275S28156). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1925 MISSING (1925153S19152). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1926 MISSING (1926122S21154). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1926 MISSING (1926136S22154). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1929 MISSING (1929153S26157). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1932 MISSING (1931183S32155). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1935 MISSING (1934183S20157). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1935 MISSING (1935145S15154). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1935 MISSING (1934242S21157). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1953 MISSING (1952301S15150). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1958 32P (1958155S11161). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1958 33P (1958170S28155). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1958 33P (1958170S28155). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1960 24P (1960146S17153). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 49P:HSK3663 (1963123S13163). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 49P:HSK3663 (1963123S13163). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 52P:HSK3863 (1963129S24158). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 53P (1963130S21166). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 54P (1963173S16155). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1963 55P:HSK3963 (1963174S19159). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1969 35P:ESTHER (1969116S09153). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center. "The Australian Tropical Cyclone database — Tropical Cyclone Lulu". Australiantralian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1970 32P:HSK3170 (1970174S11176)). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (13 August 2009). Tropical Cyclone Marcelle 29 April 1973 - 9 May 1973 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1974 02P (1973189S25154). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (21 May 2001). "Tropical Cyclone Alice 1973 best track data". Météo-France. Archived from the original on 4 November 2004. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ↑ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center. "The Australian Tropical Cyclone database — Tropical Cyclone Alice". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- 1 2 Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Marcia". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Norah October 28 – November 4, 1974 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 19 November 2010. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Denise: May 19 – 25, 1975 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 19 November 2010. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ↑ Courtney, Joe (13 August 2009). "Tropical Cyclone Carol" (PDF). Australiantralian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Verna". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ↑ Broadbridge, L.W. (3 September 1979). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1978–79" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (27). Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/kevin.shtml
- ↑ Rooney, W. (1981). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1980–81" (PDF). The Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ Lynch, K. (1982). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1981–82" (PDF). The Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ "IBTrACS - Southern Hemisphere". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ↑ http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/claudia82.shtml
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1982 CLAUDIA (1982131S09157). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Bate, Peter. (4 December 1983). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1982–83" (PDF). The Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ Thom, Darryl M. (1984). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1983–84" (PDF). The Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ Courtney, Joe. (16 June 2009). "Severe Tropical Cyclone Billy-Lila" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ↑ Kingston, G (1986). "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Season 1985–86" (PDF). The Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1989 MEENA (1989122S09162). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Meena (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1989 Ernie (1989126S13178). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Ernie (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1990 HSK0290 (1989194S06095). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ 1990 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 233–238. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1991 LISA (1991124S08154). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Pandaram, Sudha (3 July 1992). Tropical Cyclone Lisa, 7 - 13 May 1991 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 91/1). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1993 Adel (1993131S04158). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/PNG_TC_Adel_informrep1_2.pdf
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Willy, 28 April – 2 May 1994 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1994 Willy (1994116S05095). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1997 Rhonda (1997125S08079). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Rhonda (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1997 Lindsay (1996190S07096). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Lindsay (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1997 Bellamine:Melanie:Melanie_Bell (1996302S07095). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Melanie 28 October – 12 November 1996 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1999 Zelia (1998279S10092). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropcial Cyclone Zelia (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Alex (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Errol (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Upia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Phoebe" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Pierre" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
- ↑ Monthly Weather Review: Australia: July 2015 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 25 August 2015. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ↑ Courtney Joe; Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (16 August 2007). Unnamed Tropical Cyclone (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Kirrily (PDF) (Report) (in Indonesian). Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012.
- 1 2 Patterson, Linda (29 May 2012). Tropical Low Anggrek (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ "JTWC best track analysis: Tropical Cyclone 21P". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ↑ Paterson, Linda (October 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Quang (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Raquel (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 2015 Raquel (2015180S04163). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ "Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report" (PDF). 13 January 2016: 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ↑ Severe Tropical Cyclone Frances (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Greg (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
External links
- World Meteorological Organization
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology
- Fiji Meteorological Service
- New Zealand MetService
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center