List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers

This is a list of foreign-born professional sumo wrestlers by country and/or ethnicity of origin, along with original name, years active in sumo wrestling, and highest rank attained. Names in bold indicate a still-active wrestler.

There are 186 wrestlers who have listed a foreign country as their place of birth on the banzuke or official ranking sheets.[1][2] The first foreign born wrestler to reach the top makuuchi division was the Hawaiian born Takamiyama in January 1968, who was also the first to win a top division tournament championship or yūshō in 1972. He was followed by fellow Hawaiians Konishiki who was the first foreigner to reach the second highest ōzeki rank in 1987, and Akebono who became the first foreign yokozuna, the highest rank, in 1993. In 1992, following the entry of six Mongolians to Ōshima stable, there was an unofficial ban (called enryo or "restraint") instigated by the Japan Sumo Association's head Dewanoumi on any more foreign recruitment.[3] Speaking at a Western Japan Press Club luncheon in Osaka in 1995, Dewanoumi reportedly said, "There are no official regulations, but stable masters have a tacit agreement not to scout foreigners actively because they have difficulty adapting to Japanese customs."[4] In 1998 this ban was relaxed but there was also the first official restrictions, a cap of forty foreigners in professional sumo as a whole, not counting those who had obtained Japanese citizenship.[3] In 2002 this was changed to one foreigner per heya or training stable. Despite these restrictions, foreigners began to dominate the highest levels of the sport. By 2013, foreign born wrestlers made up just seven percent of the 613 wrestlers active in professional sumo, yet occupied one third of the 42 spots in the top division.[5] No Japanese wrestler won a top division tournament between Tochiazuma in January 2006 and Kotoshōgiku in January 2016, with 56 of the 58 tournaments held in that period won by Mongolians.[6]

Argentina

  • Hoshiandesu Hose - José Antonio Juarez - 1988–2000 - juryo 2
  • Hoshitango Imachi - Imachi Marcelo Salomon - 1987–2004 - juryo 3[7]

Brazil

  • Azumakaze Futoshi - Tuzatto Giuliano Kochinda - Italian-Brazilian - 1991–1999 - sandanme 29
  • Azumao Yasuhito - Yasuhito Marcio Morita - Japanese-Brazilian - 1994–2005 - makushita 36
  • Hakusan Momotaro - Pasquale Bosche - Italian-Brazilian - 1977–1986 - makushita 9
  • Kaisei Ichirō - Ricardo Sugano - Japanese-Brazilian - 2006–active - sekiwake
  • Kaishin Kikuzo - Eiji Nagahama - Japanese-Brazilian - 2004–2012 - makushita 49
  • Kawamura Kosaku - Kosaku Kawamura - Japanese-Brazilian - 1976–1983 - sandanme 41
  • Kitaazuma Kiyoshi - Tetsuya Takeda - Japanese-Brazilian - 1991–1998 - makushita 18
  • Kiyonomine Minoru - Mario Minoru Akamine - Japanese-Brazilian - 1979–1989 - makushita 18
  • Kotonomori Takamori - Mario Fuchiue - Japanese-Brazilian - 1999–2000 - jonidan 69
  • Kotoosako Shigeaki - Shigeaki Julio Osako - Japanese-Brazilian - 1991–1994 - jonidan 106
  • Kuniazuma Hajime - Wander Ramos - 1991–2004 - juryo 4
  • Kuninosato Toshio - Roberto Toshio Wada - Japanese-Brazilian - 1980–1992 - makushita 23
  • Ryūkō Gō - Luis Go Ikemori - Japanese-Brazilian - 1992–1998 - juryo 8
  • Takaazuma Katsushige - Christiano Luis de Souza - 2004–2008 - makushita 24
  • Tatsunishiki - Yoshihira Takeuchi - Japanese-Brazilian - 1967–1971 - jonidan 6
  • Wakaazuma Yoshinobu - Yoshinobu Kuroda - Japanese-Brazilian - 1991–2003 - juryo 13

Bulgaria

  • Aoiyama Kōsuke – Daniel Ivanov - 2009–active – sekiwake
  • Kotoōshū Katsunori - Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov (Kaloyan Ando) - 2002–2014 - ozeki
  • Torakio - Ventsislav Katsarov - 2017–active - sandanme 28

Canada

  • Homarenishiki Yasokichi - Brodik Mackenzie Philip Henderson - 2015–2016 - sandanme 46[8]
  • Kototenzan Toshimitsu - John Anthony Tenta Jr. - 1985–1986 - makushita 43[8]

China

  • Chiyohakuryu Koto - Koto Haku - Nei Monggol - 2004–2011 - sandanme 22
  • Kaiho I - Yi Pan - Shanghai - 1990–1992 - jonidan 79
  • Kanoyama Sunyo - Chengyue Xie - 1991–1992 - jonokuchi 22
  • Kiyonohana Oyo - Lihua Zhang (Kazushi Yoshida) - Fujian - 1974–1978 - juryo 5
  • Kosei Ko - Shiqiang Gao - Liaoning - 2003–2017 - makushita 14
  • Kotoo Shuton - Shidong Wang - Shandong - 1992–1993 - sandanme 9
  • Manazuru Hisashi - Songsong Cheng - Beijing - 2004–2015 - sandanme 13
  • Nakanokuni Sho - Chao Lu - Beijing - 2002–2012 - juryo 12
  • Ryutei Weifu - Weifu Li - Shandong - 2004–2013 - sandanme 3
  • Sōkokurai Eikichi - Enkhtuvshin - Nei Monggol - 2003–active - maegashira 2
  • Takao Yu - Yu Wan - Shanghai - 1991–2003 - sandanme 41
  • Wakashoji Ano - Ano Cho - Jilin - 2010–2010 - jonokuchi 22

NOTE: Hong Kong and Taiwan are listed separately.

Czech Republic

Egypt

Estonia

  • Baruto Kaito - Kaido Höövelson - 2004–2013 - ozeki
  • Kitaoji Oto - Ott Juurikas - 2004–2004 - jonidan 114

Georgia

  • Gagamaru Masaru - Teimuraz Jugheli - 2005–active - komusubi
  • Kokkai Futoshi - Levan Tsaguria - 2001–2012 - komusubi
  • Tochinoshin Tsuyoshi - Levan Gorgadze - 2006–active - ozeki
  • Tsukasaumi Joji - Merab George Tsaguria - 2005–2006 - sandanme 18

Hong Kong

  • Seiko - Zhenbang Gu - 1987–1989 - jonidan 88

Hungary

  • Masutoo Akira - Attila Toth - 2005–active - makushita 16[11]

Indonesia

  • Kotoanbai Ken - Ken Anbai - 2015–2015 - jonokuchi 25

Japanese-born rikishi of non-Japanese or mixed ethnicity

  • Asakomiya Masahiro - Masahiro Komiya - Korean-Japanese (Saitama) - 2006–2007 - jonokuchi 42[12]
  • Daishoyu Maabin - Marvin Lee Sano Jr - American-Japanese (Tokyo) - 2006–2008 - makushita 18[13]
  • Fujinohana Rei - Rei Saito - American-Japanese (Miyagi) - 2009–2017 - sandanme 16[14]
  • Fujinoumi Jun - Jun Saito - American-Japanese (Miyagi) - 2009–2017 - makushita 47[14]
  • Itadaki Sennosuke - Masahiko Kikuchi - Canadian-Japanese (Tokyo) - 2010–present – makushita 56[14]
  • Kaneshiro Kofuku - Kofuku Kaneshiro - Korean-Japanese (Miyazaki) - 1974–1987 - sekiwake[15]
  • Maenoyama Tarō - Kazuichi Kaneshima - Korean-Japanese (Osaka) - 1961–1974 - ozeki
  • Mienoumi Tsuyoshi - Goro Ishiyama - Korean-Japanese (Mie) - 1963–1980 - 50th yokozuna[16]
  • Mitakeumi Hisashi - Ōmichi Hisashi - Filipino-Japanese (Nagano) - 2015–present - sekiwake
  • Sentoryū Henri - Henry Armstrong Miller - African-American/Japanese (Tokyo - raised in Missouri) - 1988–2003 - maegashira 12
  • Taihō Kōki - Koki Naya (Ivan Boryshko) - Ukrainian-Japanese (Sakhalin) - 1956–1971 - 48th yokozuna
  • Takayasu Akira - Akira Takayasu - Filipino-Japanese (Ibaraki) - 2005–present - ozeki
  • Tamanoumi Masahiro - Masao Takeuchi - Korean-Japanese (Aichi) - 1959–1971 - 51st yokozuna[16]
  • Tamarikidō Hideki - Hideki Yasumoto - Korean-Japanese (Tokyo) - 1997–2010 - maegashira 8
  • Tochinowaka Michihiro - Daewon Lee - Korean-Japanese (Hyogo) - 2007–2015 - maegashira 1
  • Tsuyukusa Kazuki – Tsuyukusa Kazuki - Polish-Japanese (Kanagawa) - 2016–active - makushita 51[17]
  • Wakatosho Toshio - Toshio Kanemoto - Korean-Japanese (Chiba) - 1985–1993 - jūryō 9

Kazakhstan

  • Kazafuzan Taiga - Suyenesh Khudibayev - 2003–2014 - makushita 10[18]

Korea, North

NOTE: Korea was under Japanese rule from 1910 to 1945. Japanese-born Koreans are noted above.

Korea, South

  • Chiinoyama Shoichiro* - Shoichiro Toyokawa - 1940–1945 - juryo 3
  • Harimayama Hanataro - Sangjin Hong - 1990–1994 - makushita 58
  • Kaihakuzan Yungi - Yungi Peku - 1999–2000 - sandanme 49
  • Kasugaō Katsumasa - Sungtak Kim - 1998–2011 - maegashira 3
  • Kinryuzan Jongun - Jeongkeun Kim - 2003–2009 - sandanme 42
  • Koraiyama Yoshisuke - Gilryang Seo - 1969–1981 - makushita 11
  • Kotoyanagi - Shigeki Nishimoto - 1983–1985 - jonidan 78
  • Kunimiyama - Kiju Kim - 1977–1988 - makushita 27
  • Kuninofuji Kiifun - Kifun Son - 2001–2002 - jonidan 109
  • Kyoryu Yoshitsuru - Seonhak Bak - 1975–1983 - makushita 15
  • Nankaiyama Shigehide - Naruhide Kan - 1969–1971 - makushita 57
  • Nanzan Shuko - Suheung Chae - 1990–1992 - sandanme 54
  • Soranoumi Ichiriki - Suyon Kim (Juei Shimoda) - 1999–active - makushita 25
  • Watenko - Kazuo Hayashi - 1966–1970 - sandanme 80
  • Yamada Narihide - Sonyon Yu - 2004–2006 - jonidan 31

NOTE: Korea was under Japanese rule from 1910 to 1945. Japanese-born Koreans are noted above.

Mongolia

  • Aratoshi Mitsuo - Tserendorj Wanchigutseren - 2008–2016 - makushita 39
  • Arawashi Tsuyoshi - Dulgoun Erhebayar - 2002–active - maegashira 2
  • Asahiryū - Denzensambu Batzorig - 2016–active - makushita 23
  • Asahitaka Koichi - Batorggil Tserenchimed - 1992–1993 - sandanme 97
  • Asasekiryū Tarō - Badarchiin Dashnyam - 2000–2017 - sekiwake
  • Asashōryū Akinori - Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj - 1999–2010 - 68th yokozuna
  • Azumaryū Tsuyoshi - Todbileg Sanduljav - 2008–active - maegashira 14
  • Bontensho Yuki - Naidan Bayarhu - 2001–2003 - jonidan 25
  • Chiyoshōma Fujio - Ganbaatar Munkhsaikhan - 2009–active - maegashira 6
  • Daibanjaku Hisashi - Batsukh Haidavmunkh - 1999–2004 - sandanme 10
  • Daionami Masaru - Batbaatar Uuganbayar - 2001–2016 - makushita 33
  • Daishōchi Kenta - Ulambayaryn Byambajav - 2001–2005 - makushita 15
  • Daishoho Kiyohiro - Shijirbayar Chimideregezen - 2013–active - juryo 3
  • Daitenshō Ken - Norjinhand Ayurzana - 2001–2010 - makushita 7
  • Daitenzan Noritaka - Ganbat Batzaya - 2001–2005 - makushita 58
  • Daiyubu Ryusen - Davaadorji Undrah - 2001–2010 - juryo 10
  • Dewahikari Tsutomu - Ulziisuren Tsolmon - 2002–2009 - sandanme 3
  • Fudoyama Subaru - Nyamjav Luvsandorj - 2000–2008 - sandanme 38
  • Gochozan Masashi - Delgersaikhan Uuganbaatar - 2006–active - makushita 7
  • Hakuba Takeshi - Ariunbayar Unurjargal - 2000–2011 - komusubi
  • Hakuhō Shō - Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal - 2000–active - 69th yokozuna
  • Harumafuji Kōhei - Davaanyamyn Byambadorj - 2001–2017 - 70th yokozuna
  • Hoshihikari Shin'ichi - Duvchin Lhagva - 2000–2011 - juryo 1
  • Hoshikaze Yoshihiro - Boldo Amaramend - 2002–2011 - juryo 3
  • Hoshizakura Aruta - Myagmar Altangerel - 2000–2012 - makushita 12
  • Hōshōryu Tomokatsu - Sukhragchaa Byambasuren - 2018 - active - makushita 56
  • Ichinojō Takashi - Altankhuyag Ichinnorow - 2014–active - sekiwake
  • Kagamiō Nanji - Nanjid Batkhuu - 2003–active - maegashira 9
  • Kakuryū Rikisaburō - Mangaljalavyn Anand - 2001–active - 71st yokozuna
  • Kengo Shin - Turtuvshin Baatarkhuu - 2010–2011 - jonidan 63
  • Kiribayama - Lkhagvasuren Byambachuluun - 2015–active - makushita 10
  • Kitakasuga Ikko - Munkhbat Tsolmonbayar - 1999–2005 - sandanme 18
  • Kōryū Tadaharu - Erdene Munhorgil - 2000–2011 - maegashira 11
  • Kyokujishi Masaru - Tumendemberel Losol - 1992–1992 - jonidan 59
  • Kyokusetsuzan Eiji - Munkhbold Sharaa - 1992–1992 - jonidan 91
  • Kyokushūhō Kōki - Erdenbator Tomurbator - 2007–active – maegashira 4
  • Kyokushūzan Noboru - Davaagin Batbayar - 1992–2006 - komusubi
  • Kyokusoten Nozomi - Erdenbilg Enkhmanlai - 2011–active - makushita 23
  • Kyokutenhō Masaru - Nyamjavyn Tsevegnyam - 1992–2015 - sekiwake
  • Kyokutenzan Takeshi - Batmönkhiin Enkhbat - 1992–2008 - makushita 13
  • Maenoyu Taro - Gankhyag Naranbata - 2004–2007 - makushita 25
  • Mitoryu Takayuki – Turbold Baasansuren – 2017–active – juryo 9
  • Mōkonami Sakae - Ganbold Bazarsad - 2001–2011 - maegashira 6
  • Oniarashi Chikara - Ulziibayar Ulziijargal - 2000–2014 - juryo 7
  • Ryūō Noboru - Erkhem-Ochiryn Sanchirbold - 2000–2013 - maegashira 8
  • Ryuonami Katsuteru - Battugs Bugaujargal - 2010–2017 - makushita 11
  • Sadanohikari Shinta - Narantsogt Davaanyam - 2014–active - sandanme 7
  • Sakigake Takeshi - Yagaabataar Battushig - 2003–active - juryo 10
  • Seirō Takeshi - Amgaa Unbold - 2005–active - maegashira 14
  • Senshō Hideki - Erufubaatar Bayarbat - 2001–2015 - juryo 14
  • Shironoryu Yasumasa - Erdentsogt Odogerel - 2003–2013 - juryo 1
  • Shōtenrō Taishi - Dagdandorj Nyamasuren - 2001–2018 - maegashira 2
  • Taiga Kisho - Sumyabazar Sharbuyanhuu - 2001–2014 - makushita 19
  • Takanoiwa Yoshimori - Adiya Baasandorj - 2008–active - maegashira 2
  • Tamawashi Ichirō - Batjargal Munkh-Orgil - 2004–active - sekiwake
  • Terunofuji Haruo – Gantulga Ganerdene – 2011–active - ozeki
  • Tokitenkū Yoshiaki - Altangadasyn Khüchitbaatar- 2002–2016 - komusubi
  • Tokusegawa Masanao - Ganbold Badamsambuu - 2003–2011 - maegashira 1
  • Toranoyama Kiyokazu - Ganbold Batundral - 2001–2009 - sandanme 21
  • Yoshoyama – Ankhbayar Batbayar – 2017–active – sandanme 86

Paraguay

  • Wakashio - Satoshi Miyawaki - Japanese-Paraguayan - 1985–1989 - sandanme 76

Philippines

  • Furanshisu Manabu - Teodoro Francis Robert Valles - Laguna - 2016–active - sandanme 92
  • Kōtokuzan Tarō - Jasper Kenneth Arboladura Terai - Filipino-Japanese (Makati) - 2009–active - makushita 13[19]
  • Masunoyama Tomoharu - Tomoharu Kato - Filipino-Japanese (Iloilo) - 2006–active - maegashira 4
  • Tamahikuni - Jun Terrado - 1988–1988 - jonokuchi 30
  • Tamahinada - Angelito Labampa - 1988–1988 - jonidan 129
  • Tamahiryu - Samson Pael - 1988–1988 - jonokuchi 2

Russia

  • Amuuru Mitsuhiro - Nikolai Yuryevich Ivanov - Primorsky Krai - 2002–2018 - maegashira 5
  • Aran Hakutora - Alan Gabaraev - North Ossetia-Alania - 2007–2013 - sekiwake
  • Hakurozan Yūta - Batraz Feliksovich Baradzov - North Ossetia-Alania - 2002–2008 - maegashira 2
  • Orora Satoshi - Anatoliy Valeryevich Mihahanov - Buryatia - 2000–2018 - makushita 43
  • Rohō Yukio - Soslan Feliksovich Baradzov - North Ossetia-Alania - 2002–2008 - komusubi
  • Wakanomori Yoshimitsu* - Yoshimitsu Wakabayashi - Sakhalin - c.1935–1942 - maegashira 19
  • Wakanohō Toshinori - Soslan Aleksandrovich Gagloev - North Ossetia-Alania - 2005–2008 - maegashira 1

NOTE: prior to the end of WWII, the southern half of Sakhalin was controlled by Japan as Karafuto. For a Sakhalin-born wrestler, see Japanese-born rikishi of non-Japanese or mixed ethnicity

Samoa

  • Nankairyū Tarō - Saba Kiriful - 1984–1988 - maegashira 2
  • Nanyōzakura - Faaleva Fofoga - 1984–1988 - makushita 48

NOTE: Rikishi from American Samoa and Hawaiians of Samoan descent are listed under the United States heading.

Sri Lanka

  • Tochitaikai Jiro - Sri Aminda de Perera - 1992–1992 - jonokuchi 34

Taiwan

  • Eigayama Hiromasa - Zhi-min Zeng - 1986–1993 - makushita 32[20]
  • Kaho Fumio - Pengwen Chen - 1989–1990 - jonidan 55
  • Maedaiko Ichiro - Haolun Xu - 1988–1995 - sandanme 16
  • Maenoumi Takeo - Jiancheng Liao - 1989–1991 - sandanme 36
  • Ohayama Yoshio - Kunfang Xie - 1990–1995 - makushita 53
  • Rakoten Keigo - Qigang Zhen - 1990–1991 - jonidan 106
  • Shu - Jianyan Zhou - 1988–1991 - jonidan 5
  • Tamayama - Akira Yokone - 1966–1972 - sandanme 75
  • Tatsunohana Ritsuei - Lirong Chen - 1989–1994 - makushita 45
  • Tominohana - Jiawei Ding - 1988–1992 - jonidan 31
  • Tochinohana Choo - Chao-huei Liu - 1980–1988 - juryo 4

Tonga

  • Aotsurugi Kenta - Tebita Rato Taufa (Tebita Togawa) - 2001–2009 - sandanme 1
  • Hinodeshima - Shioeri (?) - 1974–1976 - sandanme 34
  • Fukunoshima Hiroshi - Tonga Uli'uli Fifita - 1974–1977 - makushita 27
  • Minaminoshima Isamu - Minaminoshima Isamu Falevai - 2001–2008 - makushita 21[21]
  • Minaminoshima Takeshi - Tebita Vaiola Falevai - 1974–1976 - makushita 37 [21]
  • Sachinoshima - Sione Havea Vailahi - 1975–1976 - sandanme 36
  • Tomonoshima Naoyuki - Viri Manulea Fifita - 1975–1976 - jonidan 18
  • Yashinoshima Noboru - Moleni Fe'aomoeata Tauki'uvea - 1974–1976 - makushita 53

United Kingdom

United States

  • Akebono Taro - Chadwick George Haheo Rowan - Hawaiian (Hawaii) - 1988–2001 - 64th yokozuna
  • Araiwa Kamenosuke - Cal Lee Martin - California - 1968–1971 - makushita 33
  • Daiki Susumu - Percy Pomaikai Kipapa - Hawaiian (Hawaii) - 1991–1998 - juryo 10
  • Gosetsu - Laurent Raymond - Hawaii - 1982–1983 - sandanme 86
  • Hiraga Shoji - Shoji Hiraga - Japanese-American (California) - 1934–1938 - jonidan 23
  • Junyo - Isaac Fuailutago Loe - Hawaii - 1983–1983 - jonidan 132
  • Kamikiiwa Ryuta - Wayne Mahelani Vierra Jr. - Hawaiian (Hawaii) - 1990–1991 - sandanme 22
  • Konishiki Yasokichi - Saleva'a Fuauli Atisano'e - Samoan (Hawaii) - 1984–1997 - ozeki
  • Koryu Katsuichi - Eric Cosier Gaspar - Hawaii - 1990–1997 - makushita 49
  • Matsuryuyama Masao - Robert Masao Suetsugu - Japanese-American (Washington) - 1975–1985 - makushita 24
  • Muryu - John Robert Collins - Hawaii - 1976–1981 - makushita 55
  • Musashibo Benkei - William Molina - 1987–1988 - jonidan 59
  • Musashikuni Mamu – Fiamalu Penitani - Samoan (Hawaii) - 2013–active – makushita 26
  • Musashimaru Kōyō - Fiamalu Penitani - Samoan-Tongan (American Samoa) - 1989–2004 - 67th yokozuna
  • Nanfu Kenzo - Kaleo Kekauoha (Kaleo Suzuki) - Hawaiian (Hawaii) - 1990–1996 - makushita 1
  • Narushio - Emanuel Kaefaia Jr - Hawaii - 1983–1984 - jonidan 23
  • Ozora Hiroshi - Troy Levi Talaimatai - Samoan (Hawaii) - 1989–1995 - makushita 13
  • Shinnishiki - Vincent Divoux - California - 1988–1990 - sandanme 10
  • Sunahama Shoji - William Tayler Hopkins - Hawaii - 1990–1997 - juryo 5
  • Takai Tsutomu - Ola Rowan - Hawaii - 1989 - jonokuchi 39
  • Takamio Daisei - Sione (John) Tekeriri Feleunga - Hawaii - 1986–1997 - makushita 2
  • Takamishu – Teila Tuli (Taylor Wily) - Samoan (Hawaii) - 1987–1989 – makushita 2
  • Takamiyama Daigoro - Jesse James Wailani Kuhaulua - Hawaiian (Hawaii) - 1964–1984 - sekiwake
  • Takanoumi - Phillip Smoak - Texas - 1981 - jonokuchi 29[22]
  • Toyonishiki Kiichiro - Harley Kiichiro Ozaki - Japanese-American (Colorado) - 1936–1944 - maegashira 20
  • Wakachikara Toru - Glenn Kalima - Hawaii - 1991–1994 - makushita 26
  • Wakaichirō Ken - Ichiro Young - Japanese-American (Texas) - 2016–active – sandanme 77
  • Wakatakami Taro - George Pulaian - Hawaii - 1977–1983 - makushita 40
  • Wakayashima Masaki - Asato Reid - Japanese-American (Hawaii) - 1976–1978 - sandanme 32
  • Yamato Gō - George Kalima - Hawaii - 1990–1997 - maegashira 12

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Rikishi - All Foreigners". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Schreiber, Mark (28 January 2017). "2017: a year for sumo nostalgia". Japan Times. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  3. 1 2 Furelaud, Gilles (January 2004). "Foreigners in Makuuchi: a chaotic history". Le Monde Du Sumo. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  4. ↑ Associated Press (9 March 1995). "A closed-door policy?". The Honolulu Advertiser.
  5. ↑ Krieger, Daniel (Jan 24, 2013). "In Japan, Sumo Is Dominated by Foreigners". New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  6. ↑ "Kotoshogiku's sumo tournament victory ends long run of foreign wrestler domination". The Mainichi. January 25, 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  7. ↑ Furelaud, Gilles (February 2004). "Hoshitango: intai and danpatsu-shiki in 11 days". Le Monde Du Sumo. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  8. 1 2 Armstrong, Jim (July 10, 2015). "Canadian sumo wrestler Brodik Henderson going pro in Japan". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  9. ↑ Robinson, Eugene (July 19, 2014). "It's Not The Size Of This Sumo Wrestler That's Stunning". NPR. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  10. ↑ "Egyptian sumo wrestler storms his way into ancient sport". Yahoo News. July 31, 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  11. ↑ Gunning, John (August 2005). "Heya Peek:Chiganoura stable". Sumo Fan Magazine. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Furelaud, Gilles (Nov 18, 2006). "Banzuke's newcomers". Le Monde du Sumo. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  13. ↑ Buckton, Mark (July 5, 2006). "The competition finally arrives". Japan Times. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 Gunning, John (31 August 2017). "More multiracial wrestlers making mark in raised ring". Japan Times. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  15. ↑ Sharnoff, Lora (1993). Grand Sumo. Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0283-X.
  16. 1 2 Schreiber, Mark (Jan 26, 2003). "Whether crisis or not, sumo's show must go on". Japan Times. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  17. ↑ "ポーランド出身の父持つ露草、角界入りは「日本の男にロマン感じた」" (in Japanese). Sanspo. September 2, 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  18. ↑ Furelaud, Gilles (February 2004). "Kazafuzan, the tiger from Kazakhstan". Le Monde Du Sumo. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Pastor, Pam (27 July 2017). "'Sinigang' gets this sumo wrestler going". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  20. ↑ Nishimoto, Hideshi (18 September 2017). "Sumo ring in Taiwan replaces dohyo pushed out after war". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  21. 1 2 Hirada, Hiroshi (25 September 2015). "Former Tongan sumo wrestler still sports the Asahiyama stable sign". Japan Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  22. ↑ Wehrfritz, George (20 June 1999). "The Gaijins' Woeful Tale". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
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