List of icebreakers

This is a list of icebreakers and other special vessels capable of operating independently in ice-covered waters. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[1][2]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Argentina

  • ARA General San Martín (Q-4) (1954–1982)
  • ARA Almirante Irízar (Q-5) (1978–2007, 2017–)
  • ARA Bahía Paraíso (B-1) (or Q-6) (1980–1989; sank in Antarctica)

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

  • Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1992–)[4]

Canada

Canadian Coast Guard

CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in Halifax Harbour

Royal Canadian Navy

  • HMCS Labrador (1954–1961; transferred to Coast Guard)
  • Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel
    • HCMS Harry DeWolf (under construction)
    • HCMS Margaret Brooke (under construction)
    • HCMS Max Bernays (under construction)
    • HCMS William Hall (planned)
    • HCMS Frédérick Rolette (planned)
    • HCMS Robert Hampton Gray (planned)

Commercial

  • Canmar Kigoriak (1979–2003; sold to Russia)
  • Robert LeMeur (1982–1997; sold to China)
  • Terry Fox (1983–1991; leased and later sold to the Canadian Coast Guard)
  • Arctic Kalvik (1983–2003; sold to Russia)
  • Ikaluk (1983–1998; Canmar Ikaluk since 1995; sold to Russia)
  • Miscaroo (1983–1998; Canmar Miscaroo since 1995; sold to Russia)
  • Arctic Ivik (1985–1997; sold and later converted to survey vessel)
  • Polar S (2000–; ex-Njord, ex-Polar Star; laid up in Canary Islands due to receivership of Polar Star Expeditions in 2011)[7]
  • Polar Prince (2000–; ex-Sir Humphrey Gilbert)
  • Arcticaborg (2018–)

China

Polar Research Institute of China

  • Xuě Lóng (雪龙, "Snow Dragon") (1993–)
  • Xuě Lóng 2 (雪龙2, "Snow Dragon 2") (2019– (planned); under construction)[8]

People's Liberation Army Navy

  • Type 071 icebreaker
    • Haibing 721 (海冰721, "Sea Ice 721") (1971–; in reserve)
    • Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (1973–2013; decommissioned)
    • Haibing 519 (海冰519, "Sea Ice 519") (1989–)
  • Type 210 icebreaker
    • Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723") (1982–)
  • Type 272 icebreaker
    • Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (2016–)
    • Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723")(2016–)

Commercial

  • Bin Hai 293 (滨海293, "Coastal 293") (1997–2016; ex-Robert LeMeur; broken up)[9]

Chile

Denmark

Danbjørn, Isbjørn and Thorbjørn moored at Frederikshavn
  • Bryderen (1884–1947; sold to Poland; broken up in 1960)
  • Isbjørn (1923–1965)[12]
  • Lillebjørn (1926–1968)[12]
  • Storebjørn (1931–1974; broken up)[12]
  • Elbjørn (1954–1996; preserved as a restaurant ship)[12]
  • Danbjørn (1965–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[13]
  • Isbjørn (1966–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[13]
  • Thorbjørn (1980–2015; sold to private company)[14]

Estonia

Estonian Maritime Museum

  • Suur Tõll (1922–1940; museum ship in Tallinn since 1987)

Estonian Maritime Administration

  • Tarmo (1993–; purchased from Finland)
  • EVA 316 (1995–; ex-Lonna; purchased from Finland)

Port of Tallinn

  • Botnica (2012–; purchased from Finland)

Finland

State-owned icebreakers

Steam-powered

Steam-powered icebreakers Tarmo and Jääkarhu

Diesel-electric

Six modern Finnish icebreakers docked for the summer season at Katajanokka, Helsinki
  • Sisu (1939–1974; as Louhi in the Finnish Navy until 1986; broken up)
  • Voima (1954–)
  • Karhu class
    • Karhu (1958–1988; sold to the Soviet Union)
    • Murtaja (1959–1986; broken up)
    • Sampo (1960–1987; today owned by the city of Kemi and used for tourist cruises)
  • Tarmo class
    • Tarmo (1963–1993; sold to Estonia)
    • Varma (1968–1994; sold to Latvia)
    • Apu (1970–2006; sold to Russia)
  • Hanse (1966–1998; sold to Greece; wrecked off Tunisia)
  • Urho class
    • Urho (1975–)
    • Sisu (1976–)
  • Otso class
  • Fennica (1993–)
  • Nordica (1994–)
  • Botnica (1998–2012; sold to Estonia)
  • Polaris (2016–)

Finnish Navy

  • Louhi (1975–1986; ex-Sisu; broken up)
  • Louhi (2011–)

Alfons Håkans

  • Thetis
  • Hermes
  • Zeus

France

French Navy

Compagnie du Ponant

  • Le Commandant Charcot (2021– (planned); on order)[16]

Other

Germany

German icebreaker
  • Stettin (1933–1981; museum ship)
  • Castor (1941–; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Eisvogel (1942–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Pollux (1943–1945; sank)
  • Stephan Jantzen (1967–??; registered as a yacht and renamed Anschütz)[17]
  • Polarstern (1982–)
  • Mellum based in Wilhelmshaven
  • Neuwerk based in Cuxhaven
  • Arkona based in Stralsund
  • Eisvogel-class icebreakers
  • Wal (museum ship)
  • Elbe (museum ship)
  • Hindenburg (??–1918; sunk by mine)

India

  • Indian Polar Research Vessel (IPRV) is expected to enter service by 2020.[18][19][20]

Japan

Imperial Japanese Navy

Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

Japan Coast Guard

  • Sōya (PL107) (1938–1978; museum ship)
  • Sōya (PHL01) (1978–)
  • Teshio (PM 15) (1995–)

Kazakhstan

The following icebreaking supply ships have been used in the Caspian oil fields:

  • Arcticaborg (1998–2018; sold to Canada)
  • Antarcticaborg (1998–)
  • Tulpar (2002–)
  • Mangystau class
    • Mangystau 1 (2010–)
    • Mangystau 2 (2010–)
    • Mangystau 3 (2011–)
    • Mangystau 4 (2011–)
    • Mangystau 5 (2011–)

Latvia

  • Krišjānis Valdemārs (1925–1941; sunk)
  • Varma (1994–)[21]
  • Foros (2015–)[22]

Netherlands

Greenpeace

Norway

Poland

  • Perkun (1963–1993; broken up)

Russia

Icebreakers

The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by both government-owned as well as commercial entities.

Nuclear-powered icebreakers

Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker Yamal

Diesel-powered icebreakers

Kapitan Khlebnikov en route to Wrangel Island
  • Kapitan Belousov class
    • Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[28]
    • Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[29]
    • Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[30]
  • Moskva class
    • Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)[31]
    • Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)[32]
    • Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)[33]
    • Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)[34]
    • Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)[35]
  • Project 97 (including variants)
    • Dobronya Nikitich (1960–1990)[17][36]
    • Purga (1961–2012)[36]
    • Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[17][37]
    • Anafasy Nikitin (1962–1994; ex-Ledokol-2; broken up)[17][38][39]
    • Chariton Laptev (1962–2004; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[17]
    • Vyuga (1962–1991)[36]
    • Vasily Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[17]
    • Erofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[17]
    • Ivan Kruzenstern (1963–; ex-Ledokol-6)[40]
    • Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[17]
    • Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; sold to Vietnam; broken up)[36]
    • Ilya Muromets (1965–1993)[36]
    • Yuriy Lisyansky (1965–; ex-Ledokol-9)[41]
    • Buran (1966–)[36]
    • Fyodor Litke (1970–; laid up)[42]
    • Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[17]
    • Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[43]
  • Ermak class
  • Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
    • Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
    • Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
    • Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
  • Kapitan Sorokin class
  • Kapitan Chechkin class
    • Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
    • Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
  • Magadan class
    • Magadan (1982–)
    • Mudyug (1982–)
    • Dikson (1983–)
  • Kapitan Evdokimov class
    • Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
    • Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
    • Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
    • Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
    • Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
    • Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
  • Karu (1988–; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Finland)
  • Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[44]
  • Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
  • Project 21900/21900M
  • Ilya Muromets (2017–)[47]
  • Aleksandr Sannikov (2018–)[48]
  • Andrey Vilkitsky (2018– (planned); under construction)[49]
  • Viktor Chernomyrdin (2018– (current estimate); under construction)
  • Ob (2019– (planned); under construction)[50]

Steam-powered icebreakers

Steam-powered icebreaker Yermak
  • Pilot (1864–1890; broken up?)
  • Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[51]
  • Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
  • Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[52]
  • A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
  • Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
  • Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
  • Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
  • Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
  • Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
  • Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
  • Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
  • Toros (1916–??)
  • Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[53]
  • Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[54]
  • Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[55]
  • Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[56]
  • Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[57]
  • Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
  • Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
  • Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
  • Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (–1961); broken up)
  • Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (–1951); broken up)
  • Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (–1956); broken up)
  • A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
  • Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
  • Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
  • Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
  • Peresvet (1956–1980; decommissioned; wreck remains on the shore of Reyneke Island)

Other icebreaking vessels

The following ships are anchor handling tug supply vessels, platform supply vessels, research vessels, patrol vessels or other multipurpose vessels with significant icebreaking capability.

  • Project 97 (including variants)
    • Petr Pakhtusov (1966–1997; broken up)[17]
    • Georgy Sedov (1967–1992; broken up)[17]
    • Sadko (1968–)[17]
    • PKZ-86 (1969–; ex-Vladimir Kavrayskiy)[17]
    • Peresvet (1970–2011)[36]
    • Otto Schmidt (1979–1996; broken up)
    • Ivan Susanin class (Project 97P)
      • Ivan Susanin (1973–)[36]
      • Aysberg (1974–2006)[36]
      • Ruslan (1975–)[36]
      • Anadyr (1976–; ex-Dnepr; ex-Imeni XXV syezda KPSS)[36]
      • Dunay (1977–2017)[36]
      • Neva (1978–)[36]
      • Volga (1980–)[36]
      • Murmansk (1981–2013; ex-Imeni XXVI syezda KPSS; ex-Irtysh)[36]
  • Akademik Fyodorov (1987–)
  • Ikaluk (1998–2018; ex-Ikaluk; ex-Canmar Ikaluk; ex-Smit Sibu; broken up)
  • Smit Sakhalin (1998–2017; ex-Miscaroo; ex-Canmar Miscaroo; broken up)
  • Kigoriak (2003–; ex-Canmar Kigoriak, ex-Kigoria, ex-Talagy)[58]
  • Vladimir Ignatyuk (2003–; ex-Arctic Kalvik)[59]
  • SCF Sakhalin (2005–)
  • SCF Enterprise (2006–; ex-Pacific Enterprise)
  • SCF Endeavour (2006–; ex-Pacific Endeavour)
  • SCF Endurance (2006–; ex-Pacific Endurance)
  • Polar Pevek (2006–)
  • Yury Topchev (2006–)
  • Vladislav Strizhov (2006–)
  • Toboy (2008–)
  • Varandey (2008–)
  • Vidar Viking (2012–2016; charter under Russian flag)[60]
  • Akademik Tryoshnikov (2012–)
  • Vitus Bering (2012–)
  • Aleksey Chirikov (2013–)
  • Baltika (2014–)
  • Beringov Proliv (2015–)[61]
  • Murman (2015–)[61]
  • Aleut (2015–)[62]
  • Pomor (2016–)
  • Normann (2016–)
  • Gennadiy Nevelskoy (2017–)
  • Stepan Makarov (2017–)
  • Fedor Ushakov (2017–)
  • Yevgeny Primakov (2018–)
  • Ivan Papanin (2020– (planned); under construction)[63]
  • Vladimir Monomakh (2020– (planned); under construction)[64]
  • Svyataya Mariya (2020– (planned); under construction)[64]
  • Aleksandr Nevskiy (2020– (planned); under construction)[64]
  • Katerina Velikaya (2020– (planned); under construction)[64]

South Africa

South Korea

Soviet Union

See Russia

Spain

Sweden

Swedish Maritime Administration

Swedish icebreaker Ymer
  • Sankt Erik (1915–1977; ex-Isbrytaren II (–1959); museum ship since 1977)
  • Atle (1926–1967; ex-Statsisbrytaren (–1931); broken up)[65]
  • Ymer (1933–1977; broken up)[66]
  • Thule (1953–1998; broken up)[67]
  • Oden (1957–1988; broken up)[68]
  • Tor (1964–2000; sold to Russia)[44]
  • Njord (1969–2000; sold and renamed Polar Star)[69]
  • Ale (1973–)
  • Atle class
  • Oden (1988–)

Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore

Three icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels were chartered by the Swedish Maritime Administration for escort icebreaking duties in the Baltic Sea until 2015.

Ukraine

  • Kapitan Belousov (1991–)[28]

United Kingdom

HMS Protector

United States

United States Coast Guard

USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10)
USCGC Healy

National Science Foundation

Edison Chouest Offshore

References

  1. ↑ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  2. ↑ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  3. ↑ Icebreaker name a nod to indigenous. Yahoo! New Zealand, 29 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
  4. ↑ "Kapitan A. Radzhabov (7406332)". Sea-web. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  5. 1 2 Ships of the CCG 1850-1967 Archived 2009-09-13 at WebCite. Canadian Coast Guard. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  6. 1 2 3 Canada Acts on Icebreaker Shortage. The Maritime Executive, 6 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  7. ↑ Potential buyer: Once-valued ship now good only for scrap. Business Herald, 22 November 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  8. ↑ Ice-breaking Chinese snow dragons advance into Arctic waters. The Independent Barents Observer, 27 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
  9. ↑ Shipbreaking Bulletin of information and analysis on ship demolition #46, from October 1 to December 31, 2016. Robin Des Bois, 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  10. ↑ Chilean submarine Simpson calls at Palmer Station. Palmer Station. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  11. ↑ Antártica 1: el proyecto de la Armada que busca desarrollar un nuevo rompehielos al 2022. #PrensaAntártica, 19 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Mens vi venter på isen. Maskinmesteren Februar 2009, page 36. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  13. 1 2 To sidste isbrydere forlader Frederikshavn. Maritime Danmark, 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  14. ↑ Statslig isbryder solgt - bliver i Danmark. Nordjylland, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  15. ↑ La construction de l'Astrolabe a débuté. Mer et Marine, 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
  16. ↑ On connait le nom du brise glace de Ponant. Croisiere-club.com, 16 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 На задворках империи: Советские боевые машины на страже Арктики. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  18. ↑ India To Acquire Polar Research Vessel. Marine Insight, 31 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-polar-ship-still-a-long-way-off/article18701108.ece
  21. ↑ Icebreakers: Varma. Freeport of Riga. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
  22. ↑ Icebreakers: Foros. Freeport of Riga. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
  23. 1 2 3 Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
  24. ↑ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
  25. ↑ Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  26. ↑ "Росатомфлот" начал процесс утилизации атомных ледоколов. Life.ru, 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  27. 1 2 3 Government approves new date for launch of world’s most powerful icebreaker. The Independent Barents Observer, 1 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  28. 1 2 "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  29. ↑ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  30. ↑ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  31. ↑ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  32. ↑ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  33. ↑ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  34. ↑ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  35. ↑ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Project 97. Russian-ships.info. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
  37. ↑ 6500765 VASILIY PRONCHISHCHEV. Maritime Connector. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  38. ↑ 6500791 AFANnovoASIY NIKITIN. Maritime Connector. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
  39. ↑ Russians towing Canadians - Part 1. Tugfax. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  40. ↑ "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  41. ↑ "Yuriy Lisyanskiy (652725)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  42. ↑ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  43. ↑ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  44. 1 2 "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  45. ↑ Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  46. ↑ FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
  47. ↑ Russian Navy’s brand new icebreaker Ilya Muromets floats off. RT.com, 10 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  48. ↑ Russian flag raised on the Aleksandr Sannikov icebreaker. PortNews, 29 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  49. ↑ Vyborg Shipyard to deliver second icebreaking support ship intended for Novy Port in May 2017. PortNews, 21 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  50. ↑ Vyborg Shipyard lays down port icebreaker Ob for Sabetta. PortNews, 27 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  51. ↑ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  52. ↑ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  53. ↑ D/S Ledokol V (Ледокол № 5) (+1941). Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  54. ↑ "Ledokol VI (96)". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Clydesite. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  55. ↑ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  56. ↑ "Ledokol VIII (97)". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Clydesite. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  57. ↑ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  58. ↑ "Kigoriak (7824261)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  59. ↑ "Vladimir Ignatyuk (8127804)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  60. 1 2 Russia: Sakhalin Energy Hires Vidar Viking AHTS. Offshore Energy Today, 26 December 2011. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  61. 1 2 Nordic Yards schedules launch of two MPSVs for Rosmorrechflot’s rescue service for September 2114 (photo). PortNews, 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
  62. ↑ Havyard: Icebreaker Aleut on its way to Norway. Offshore Energy Today, 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  63. ↑ Russian Project 23550 Arctic patrol ship laid down. Jane's 360, 25 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  64. 1 2 3 4 На заводе «Звезда» заложили 4 судна снабжения. Sdelanounas.ru, 8 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  65. ↑ "Atle (5503000)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  66. ↑ "Ymer (5395802)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  67. ↑ "Thule (5360560)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  68. ↑ "Oden (5260916)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  69. ↑ "Njord (6905745)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  70. ↑ "Tor Viking (9199622)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  71. ↑ Polar Icebreaker. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  72. ↑ "R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  73. ↑ "R/V Laurence M. Gould". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.