List of countries by economic complexity

Map and Scatterplot of Countries by Economic Complexity

This list orders countries by their economic complexity index (ECI), as it was defined and calculated by Cesar A. Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann. The ECI was calculated with trade data from the UN Comtrade,^[1] thus the information is only based on exports (and not goods produced). The 2009 rankings includes Products Exports Treemaps, also built by the Observatory of Economic Complexity.

2016 rankings

Rank	Country/Territory	ECI
1	Japan	2.229
2	Switzerland	2.054
3	Germany	1.956
4	South Korea	1.799
5	Sweden	1.755
6	Singapore	1.716
7	Austria	1.612
8	United Kingdom	1.593
9	United States	1.581
10	Czech Republic	1.577
11	Finland	1.555
12	Slovenia	1.447
13	Ireland	1.444
14	France	1.350
15	Hungary	1.300
16	Slovakia	1.284
17	Denmark	1.236
18	Belgium	1.219
19	Italy	1.214
20	Israel	1.186
21	Poland	1.147
22	Netherlands	1.107
23	Norway	1.034
24	Estonia	1.029
25	Mexico	0.933
Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity, MIT

The list is incomplete and only includes the top 25 out of 126 countries.

2014 rankings

Rank	Country/Territory	ECI	ECI Change over 2013	Rank Change over 2013
1	Japan	2.25	0.04
2	Switzerland	2.10	0.06
3	Germany	2.05	0.1
4	Sweden	1.89	0.06
5	United States	1.80	0.22	6
6	South Korea	1.74	0.04	1
7	Finland	1.74	0.1	1
8	Singapore	1.73	0.1	2
9	Czech Republic	1.70	0.01	3
10	Austria	1.65	0.01	1
11	Brazil	1.62	0.04	12
12	United Kingdom	1.60	0.12	6
13	Slovenia	1.50	0.06
14	France	1.46	0.01
15	Hungary	1.43	0.09	1
16	Netherlands	1.37	0.24	5
17	Slovakia	1.35		2
18	Ireland	1.32	0.05	1
19	Denmark	1.26	0.07	1
20	Israel	1.24	0.02	1
21	Mexico	1.23	0.24	3
22	Norway	1.23	0.28	3
23	Italy	1.21	0.01	5
24	Canada	1.20	0.5	10
25	Poland	1.19	0.07	3
Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity, MIT

The list is incomplete and only includes the top 25 out of 124 countries.

2013 rankings

Rank	Country/Territory	ECI
1	Japan	2.29
2	Switzerland	2.16
3	Germany	1.95
4	Sweden	1.83
5	United Kingdom	1.72
6	Czech Republic	1.71
7	South Korea	1.70
8	Finland	1.64
9	Austria	1.64
10	Singapore	1.63
11	United States	1.58
12	Slovenia	1.56
13	Brazil	1.50
14	France	1.47
15	Slovakia	1.35
16	Hungary	1.34
17	Ireland	1.27
18	Italy	1.25
19	Israel	1.22
20	Denmark	1.19
21	Netherlands	1.15
22	Poland	1.13
23	China	1.02
24	Mexico	0.97
25	Norway	0.96
Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity, MIT

The list is incomplete and only includes the top 25 out of 124 countries.

2009 rankings


Rank	Country/Territory	ECI	ECI Increase ('98-'08)	Rank Increase ('98-'08)
1	Japan	2.316	0.11	0
2	Germany	2.0125	-0.20	0
3	Switzerland	1.935	-0.14	0
4	Sweden	1.859	-0.17	0
5	Austria	1.807	0.01	3
6	Finland	1.715	-0.13	0
7	Singapore	1.639	0.42	12
8	Czech Republic	1.628	0.10	6
9	United Kingdom	1.558	-0.37	-4
10	Slovenia	1.523	0.09	5
11	France	1.473	-0.20	-2
12	South Korea	1.469	0.53	13
13	United States	1.447	-0.36	-6
14	Hungary	1.43	0.42	9
15	Slovakia	1.379	0.05	2
16	Italy	1.308	-0.23	-3
17	Denmark	1.267	-0.27	-5
18	Ireland	1.231	-0.34	-7
19	Israel	1.219	-0.08	-1
20	Mexico	1.210	0.35	7
21	Brazil	1.209	0.59	14
22	Belgium	1.087	-0.52	-12
23	Netherlands	1.044	-0.33	-7
24	Hong Kong	1.023	0.60	18
25	Poland	1.02	0.00	-3
26	Croatia	0.989	0.20	2
27	Romania	0.936	0.29	5
28	Spain	0.933	-0.19	-8
29	China	0.894	0.57	18
30	Panama	0.831	0.96	36
31	Thailand	0.814	0.65	26
32	Estonia	0.791	0.24	2
33	Norway	0.777	-0.21	-9
34	Malaysia	0.759	0.28	4
35	Portugal	0.696	0.13	-2
36	Lithuania	0.683	0.27	7
37	Serbia	0.644
38	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.453	0.08	-2
39	Latvia	0.594	0.37	13
40	Bulgaria	0.587	-0.06	-9
41	Canada	0.571	-0.45	-20
42	Ukraine	0.559	-0.33	-16
43	Turkey	0.444	0.17	6
44	Lebanon	0.403	0.32	17
45	Jordan	0.325	-0.11	-4
46	Russia	0.324	-0.36	-17
47	Tunisia	0.294	0.31	16
48	New Zealand	0.287	-0.18	-9
49	Costa Rica	0.278	0.81	29
50	Moldova	0.266	0.15	9
51	India	0.247	0.04	3
52	Belarus	0.244	-0.43	-22
53	Greece	0.214	-0.04	-3
54	Colombia	0.2	-0.08	-6
55	South Africa	0.131	-0.28	-11
56	Uruguay	0.109	-0.33	-16
57	Argentina	0.106	-0.28	-12
58	Albania	0.087	0.46	17
59	Philippines	0.032	0.34	14
60	El Salvador	0.026	1.05	45
61	Indonesia	-0.007	0.18	7
62	Macedonia	-0.018	-0.02	0
63	Egypt	-0.021	0.28	9
64	Dominican Republic	-0.064	0.66	26
65	Guatemala	-0.099	0.76	33
66	United Arab Emirates	-0.106	-0.08	-2
67	Vietnam	-0.181	0.41	16
68	Saudi Arabia	-0.201	-0.42	-15
69	Kyrgyzstan	-0.24	-0.33	-9
70	Georgia	-0.263	-0.74	-33
71	Sri Lanka	-0.265	0.37	16
72	Namibia	-0.271
73	Kenya	-0.276	0.84	36
74	Senegal	-0.287	0.68	27
75	Syria	-0.29	0.69	27
76	Trinidad and Tobago	-0.306	-0.25	-11
77	Mauritius	-0.307	0.32	9
78	Chile	-0.312	-0.44	-20
79	Australia	-0.321	-0.50	-23
80	Zimbabwe	-0.327	0.23	2
81	Jamaica	-0.343	0.44	12
82	Pakistan	-0.398	0.33	10
83	Morocco	-0.4	0.11	-6
84	Cuba	-0.426	0.19	1
85	Qatar	-0.438	0.35	9
86	Paraguay	-0.474	-0.25	-17
87	Uganda	-0.488	0.65	24
88	Honduras	-0.518	0.57	20
89	Peru	-0.576	-0.32	-18
90	Madagascar	-0.594	0.54	20
91	Oman	-0.604	-0.27	-17
92	Kazakhstan	-0.608	-0.82	-37
93	Ecuador	-0.619	0.23	4
94	Botswana	-0.62
95	Tanzania	-0.637	0.61	20
96	Uzbekistan	-0.658	-0.51	-29
97	Nicaragua	-0.661	0.66	20
98	Cambodia	-0.702	0.48	16
99	Ivory Coast	-0.868	0.56	20
100	Ghana	-0.868	0.31	13
101	Bolivia	-0.879	-0.32	-20
102	Laos	-0.88	-0.05	-6
103	Bangladesh	-0.887	0.11	0
104	Ethiopia	-0.892	0.17	2
105	Zambia	-0.933	0.03	-5
106	Malawi	-1.024	0.28	10
107	Yemen	-1.042	0.33	11
108	Tajikistan	-1.054	-0.81	-38
109	Mozambique	-1.077	-0.70	-33
110	Mali	-1.103	0.38	10
111	Venezuela	-1.109	-1.36	-60
112	Liberia	-1.128	-0.52	-28
113	Mongolia	-1.166	-0.46	-24
114	Algeria	-1.213	-0.40	-19
115	Turkmenistan	-1.217	-0.67	-35
116	Kuwait	-1.219	-0.67	-37
117	Azerbaijan	-1.223	-1.60	-71
118	Iran	-1.229	-0.54	-30
119	Libya	-1.304	-0.58	-28
120	Gabon	-1.364	-0.44	-21
121	Cameroon	-1.403	0.32	3
122	Nigeria	-1.418	0.23	1
123	Guinea	-1.444	0.34	2
124	Papua New Guinea	-1.577	-0.02	-3
125	Congo	-1.707	-0.12	-3
126	Sudan	-1.768	-0.69	-19
127	Angola	-1.793	-0.64	-15
128	Mauritania	-1.907	-0.89	-24

Factors affecting differences between countries

As an illustration, we can observe the differences between Egypt and Thailand in ECI ranking between the years of 1995 and 2015, let us use the below figures as an example:

Rank	Country	ECI Value	Year
45	Thailand	0.30	1995
75	Egypt	-0.41	1995

24	Thailand	1.06	2015
68	Egypt	-0.23	2015

Difference in 1995: 0.71 ECI points for Thailand
Difference in 2015: 1.28824 ECI points for Thailand

Increase for Egypt 1995-2015: 0.18037 ECI Points
Increase for Thailand 1995-2015: 0.7575 ECI Points

When we dig deeper into the export data of both countries, we can deduce that the differences were mainly in the composition of their relative export baskets. The more countries direct their efforts to more sophisticated products, the more it is reflected in the ECI score, and hence their potential economic growth.

For example, from 1995-2015, Thailand appears to have phased away from largely ubiquitous products “fur: 0.1 on the Product Complexity Index ("PCI"), Leather: 0.9 PCI, footwear: -0.7 PCI”, and focused their exports into products that few other countries can make “Cars: 2.47 PCI, parts and accessories of motor vehicles: 3.18 PCI, motor vehicles for transporting good: 1.87 PCI”.

Egypt, on the other hand, also experienced an increase in complexity, albeit much less than the one experienced by Thailand. They had a relatively high growth as a share of their total export portfolio in monitors and projectors: 0.9 PCI, but they also had a growth in insulated wires which has a PCI of -0.48.

So, in general, we can observe that Thailand has expanded in products with higher PCI than the ones they phased out from, while Egypt expanded in some higher PCI products, and also some lower ones hence the difference in ECI growth between the two.

For reference data, please go to http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu.

References

↑ "UN Comtrade".

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[1] "UN Comtrade".