List of Christian martyrs
This is a list of reputed martyrs of Christianity. The list can never be fully complete, and it includes only notable people with Wikipedia articles. Not all Christian denominations accept every figure on this list as a martyr or Christian, see the linked articles for fuller discussion. In many denominations of Christianity, martyrdom is considered a direct path to sainthood and many names on this list are recognized as saints in one or more denominations.
Apostolic Age—1st century
According to Acts of the Apostles
According to Josephus
According to early Christian tradition
- Saint Peter, first attested by Tertullian about AD 200[2]
- Paul the Apostle, first attested by Ignatius probably about AD 110[3]
According to late or local Christian tradition
- Mark the Evangelist[4]
- Philip the Apostle - conflicting accounts [5]
- Andrew the Apostle[6]
- Jude the Apostle [7]
- Bartholomew the Apostle - conflicting accounts[8]
- Thomas the Apostle[9]
Largely or wholly legendary
- Simon the Zealot, varying and contradictory late traditions.[10][11]
Age of Martyrdom—2nd to 4th centuries
According to early Christian tradition or with some historical attestation within a hundred years of the event
- Polycarp of Smyrna[12]
- Justin Martyr[13]
- Scillitan Martyrs[14]
- Perpetua and Felicity[15]
- Ptolemaeus and Lucius[16]
- Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, with Blandina and several others, the "Martyrs of Lyon and Vienne"[17][18]
- Pope Fabian[19]
- Saint Sebastian[20]
- Saint Agnes[21]
- Felix and Adauctus[22]
- Marcellinus and Peter[23]
- Forty Martyrs of Sebaste[24]
- Euphemia[25]
- Cyprian[26]
According to late Christian tradition or with some historical attestation more than a hundred years after the event
Largely or wholly legendary
Middle Ages—5th to 15th centuries
- Valentine and Engratia, ca. 715, Hermit martyrs of Segovia
- Ludmila of Bohemia, 921
- King Edward the Martyr, 979
- Jovan Vladimir, 1014
- Stanislaus of Szczepanów, 1079
- Saint Thomas Becket, 1170
- Buzád Hahót, 1241
- Tsar Lazar, 1389
- John Huss (Jan Huss), 1415
- Jerome of Prague, 1416
- Joan of Arc, 1431
Reformation Era—16th century
- Jan de Bakker, 1525, burned at the stake
- Felix Manz, 1527
- Patrick Hamilton, 1528
- George Blaurock, 1529
- St Thomas More, 1535, executed
- St John Fisher, 1535
- William Tyndale, 1535
- Carthusian Martyrs, 1535–1537
- St. Arthur of Glastonbury, 1539
- Margaret Pole, 1541
- Juan de Padilla, Spanish missionary to New Mexico, 1542
- Anne Askew, 1546
- George Wishart, 1546
- Matthew Hammond, 1549
- Luis de Cancer, Spanish missionary to La Florida, 1549
- Hugh Latimer, 1555
- Nicholas Ridley, 1555
- Rowland Taylor, 1555
- John Hooper, 1555
- John Rogers, 1555
- William Hunter, 1555
- Lawrence Saunders, 1555
- Thomas Cranmer, 1556
- Dirk Willems, 1569
- St Edmund Campion, 1581
- Margaret Ball, 1584
- The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, various dates
Modern Era—17th to 21st centuries
- Martyrs of Japan, 1597-1639, (see also Kakure Kirishitan)
- Francis Taylor, 1621
- Vietnamese Martyrs, 1625 - 1886
- Magdalene of Nagasaki, 1634
- Lorenzo Ruiz, 1637
- Canadian Martyrs, North American Martyrs, 1642–1649
- Arthur Bell, O.F.M., 1643
- Isaac Jogues, S.J., 1646
- John de Britto, 1647-1693, born in Portugal and beheaded in India
- Francis Ferdinand de Capillas, O.P., 1648, missionary to China
- Diego Luis de San Vitores, S.J., and Pedro Calungsod, 1672
- Feodosia Morozova, 1675, Russian Old Believer
- Oliver Plunkett, 1681, Archbishop of Armagh
- Felipe Songsong, S.J., 1685
- Devasahayam Pillai, 1712-1752
- Constantin Brâncoveanu, 1714
- Vicente Liem de la Paz, O.P., 1773
- Luís Jayme, O.F.M., Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1775
- Cosmas of Aetolia, 1779
- Francisco Garcés, Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1781
- Martyrs of Compiegne, 1794
- Andrés Quintana, Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1812
- Chinese Martyrs (various Christian denominations), 19th and 20th centuries
- Andrew Dung-Lac (Vietnamese Catholic), 1839
- Hyrum Smith, 1844
- Korean Martyrs, 1839, 1846, 1866
- Peter Chanel, S.M., 1841
- Andrew Kim Taegon, 1846
- Marcus Whitman, Narcissa Whitman, and companions, 1847
- Lucy Yi Zhenmei, one of the 19th century Chinese Catholic Martyrs, 1862
- Thomas Baker, 1867, English missionary killed and eaten, Fiji
- Martyrs of Uganda, 1885–1887
- Amandina of Schakkebroek, F.M.M., 1900
- Maria Goretti (also a rape victim), 1902
- Armenian Martyrs, 1915-1923[45]
- Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna, 1918
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Family, 1918
- Nun Barbara (Yakovleva), 1918
- Gregory of Cydonia, 1922
- Saints of the Cristero War 1926-1927
- Miguel Pro, S.J., 1927
- Cristóbal Magallanes Jara, 1927
- Toribio Romo González, 1928
- Manche Masemola, (1913–1928)
- José Sánchez del Río 1928
- Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, C.P., 1934
- Bartolome Blanco Marquez, 1936
- Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1934, 1936–1939
- Alexander Hotovitzky, 1937
- Paul Schneider (pastor), 1939
- Martyrs of Songkhon, 1940
- Maximilian Kolbe, O.F.M.Cap., 1941, died at Auschwitz
- Edith Stein O.C.D., 1942, died at Auschwitz
- Gorazd, 1942, Bishop of Prauge
- Lucian Tapiedi, 1942
- Franz Jägerstätter, 1943
- Dusty Miller, 1945, a Methodist layman killed as a P.O.W. of the Japanese in Thailand during World War II
- Marcel Callo, 1945
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1945, Lutheran pastor and member of the German Resistance
- Rolando Rivi, fourteen-year-old seminarian, 1945
- Peter To Rot, 1945
- Martyrs of Albania, 1945-1974
- Theodore Romzha, 1947, Ruthenian Eparch of Mukachevo
- Nykyta Budka, 1949, Ukrainian Bishop of Canada, died in Soviet gulag
- Beda Chang, S.J., 1951
- Alberto Hurtado, S.J., 1952
- Francis Xavier Ford, M.M., 1952
- Martyrs of Laos, 1954-1970
- Zdenka Cecilia Schelingová, 1955
- Jim Elliot, 1956
- Nate Saint, 1956, killed while attempting to evangelize the Waodani people
- Ed McCully, 1956
- Pete Fleming, 1956
- Boyax Baga, 1956
- ChengHua Yu, 1956
- Esther John 1929-1960, Found Killed in Chichawatni commemorated at Westminster Abbey.
- Wang Zhiming, 1973, Chinese pastor, publicly executed
- Martyrs of La Rioja, 1976
- Janani Jakaliya Luwum, 1977, Archbishop of Uganda
- Óscar Romero, 1980, Archbishop of San Salvador
- Ita Ford, M.M., 1980
- Maura Clarke, M.M., 1980
- Dorothy Kazel, O.S.U., 1980
- Jean Donovan, 1980
- Martyrs of Algeria, 1994-1996
- Rani Maria Vattalil, 1995
- Kosheh Martyrs, Egypt, 1998–2000
- Rufus Halley, S.S.C., 2001
- Martin Burnham, 2002
- Mary Stachowicz, 2002
- Andrea Santoro, 2006
- Fabianus Tibo, 2006
- Leonella Sgorbati, 2006
- Ragheed Ganni and companions, 2007
- Paulos Faraj Rahho, 2008, Chaldean Archeparch of Mosul
- Nicholas Pillai Pakiaranjith, 2008
- Nag Hammadi martyrs, Egypt 2010
- Luigi Padovese, 2011
- Shahbaz Bhatti, 2011
- Frans van der Lugt, S.J., 2014
- Jacques Hamel, priest killed in the 2016 Normandy church attack.
See also
References
- ↑ Lyons, George. Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX, Chapter 9. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- ↑ Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian. "Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI". ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. "Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile."
- ↑ Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians, Chapter XII
- ↑ Pope Shenouda III. The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter Seven. Tasbeha.org
- ↑ Schaff, Philip (1885). "Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 8". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew", Dumbarton Oaks Studies, IV (Cambridge) 1958.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocrypha".
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Bartholomew".
- ↑ Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0199596607.
- ↑ Jones, Terry H. "Saint Simon the Apostle". Saints.SQPN.com. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ↑ "St. Simon of Zealot". Catholic Online. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ↑ Henry Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies, s.v. "Polycarpus, bishop of Smyrna".
- ↑ Lebreton, J. (1910). St. Justin Martyr. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ↑ Smith, Clyde Curry. "Speratus", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2004
- ↑ Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
- ↑ Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome
- ↑ Whitehead, Kenneth D. "Witnesses of the Passion", Touchstone Magazine
- ↑ "The Letter of the Churchs of Vienna and Lyons to the Churches of Asia and Phrygia", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University
- ↑ Meier, Gabriel (1909). "Pope St. Fabian" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ↑ Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Sebastian". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 22–23. ISBN 971-91595-4-5.
- ↑ "NPNF210. Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- ↑ "Sts. Felix and Adauctus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
- ↑ Amore, Agostino (5 Nov 2008). "Santi Marcellino e Pietro". Santi e Beati. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ↑ Homilies xix in P.G., XXXI, 507 sqq.
- ↑ "St. Euphemia the All-Praised", Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
- ↑ Chapman, John. "St. Cyprian of Carthage." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 Jan. 2013
- ↑ Bede. "Ecclesiastical History of the English People". Internet History Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ↑ Chronicle, from the Latin translation of Jerome, p. 276.
- ↑ Butler, Alban (1799). The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments, and other Authenic Records: Illustrated with the Remarks of Judicious Modern Critics and Historians (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: J. Moir for J. P. Coghlan.
- ↑ Hubertus Drobner, Der heilige Pankratius: Leben, Legende und Verehrung 2nd rev. ed. 2005.
- ↑ "XVI kalendas Martii Interamnae Via Flaminia miliario ab Urbe Roma LXIII natale Valentini." In J. B. de Rossi, p. 20 (XVI KL. MAR.). See also M. Schoepflin, p. 40: "the original text".
- ↑ "St. Petronilla". Wikimedia. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Afra." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 12 Apr. 2013
- ↑ Attwater, Donald (1995) [1965]. Dictionary of Saints (Third ed.). London: Penguin Reference.
- ↑
Herbert Thurston (1913). "St. Januarius". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. - ↑ Mershman, Francis. "St. Vincent." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 Feb. 2015
- ↑ Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity, Otto Friedrich August Meinardus
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Lucy".
- ↑ "Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Lawrence." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 February 2013".
- ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Cecilia", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 April 2013.
- ↑ "Clugnet, Léon. "St. Catherine of Alexandria." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 1 May 2013". Newadvent.org. 1908-11-01. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
- ↑ "Sts. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia". Wikimedia. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
- ↑ "Pelagia". Wikimedia. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ↑ "Saint Sophia". Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
- ↑ Ghazanchyan, Siranush. "Canonization of the Martyrs of the Armenian Genocide: Message of His Holiness Karekin II". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
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