List of Australian Aboriginal languages
A language map, different colours represent different language families:
This is a list of Australian Aboriginal languages and dialects. Many, but not all, of these languages are endangered. An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.
UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable
- Definitely endangered
- Severely endangered
- Critically endangered
A-F
| Language | Alt. names | Speakers | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adithinngithigh language | Adetingiti | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Unwritten language. | |
| Adnyamathanha language, Adynyamathanha language[1] | Ad'n'amadana, Anjimatana, Anjiwatana, Atnyamathanha | 110 (2006) | Severely endangered | SA R. M. W. Dixon classifies Adnyamathanha and Guyani as a single language. Ethnologue treats them as separate, and so they each have their own ISO 639-3 codes |
| Aghu Tharrnggala language | Aghu wititit | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | |
| Alawa language[1] | 12 (2006) | Moribund | Roper River, Arnhem Land | |
| Alngith dialect | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland[2] | ||
| Alyawarre language | Alyawarr | 1660 | Developing | NT |
| Amarag language, Amurdag language | 1 Charlie Mungulda | Moribund | Goulburn Island, Northern Territory | |
| Ami language | 5 | Moribund | Daly River, Northern Territory | |
| Andajin language | 2 | Nearly Extinct | WA | |
| Andegerebinha language | Andigibinha, Antekerrepinhe | 5 | Nearly Extinct | NT, Hay River, Pituri Creek area, east of Alyawarra |
| Anguthimri language | Awngthim, Paman languages | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | |
| Anindilyakwa language[1] | Enindhilyagwa | 1300 | Vulnerable | |
| Anmatyerre language | 1000 | Developing | NT | |
| Antakirinya language, Antakarinya language[1] | 6 | Critically endangered | ||
| Arabana language[1] | 21 | Critically endangered | ||
| Areba language | Extinct | |||
| Aritinngithigh language | Extinct | Qld | ||
| Arrernte language[1] | Aranda | 5500 | Vulnerable | Alice Springs region NT Eastern, Western and Southern |
| Atampaya language | Extinct | |||
| Australian Aboriginal English | Over 30,000 | Vigorous | Developed post-contact | |
| Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English language | Few | Nearly Extinct | Pidgin. Developed post-contact. Has been mostly creolized. | |
| Australian Kriol language | Creole, Pidgin English, Roper-Bamyili Creole | 4,200 | Vigorous | WA, NT & Qld developed post-contact. 10, 000 second language speakers. |
| Awabakal language | Awabakal | 9 | Dormant | NSW. Being revived. Was considered extinct. |
| Ayabadhu language, Ayapathu language | Extinct | |||
| Badimaya language | Widimaya, Parti-Maya | 3 | Nearly Extinct | WA |
| Bandjigali language | 4 to 22 | Moribund | ||
| Banjima language, Panytyima language[1] | 50 to 100 | Moribund | ||
| Bardi language[1] | Baadi, Badi, Ba:di, Baardi, Bard | 20 to 150 | Moribund | WA |
| Barngarla language | Bangala, Banggala, Banggarla, Bungeha, Bungela, Pakarla, Pangkala, Pankalla, Parnkala, Parnkalla, Punkalla | Extinct | SA | |
| Barrow Point language | Extinct[3] | |||
| Bayungu language | 2 | Nearly extinct | ||
| Bidyara language, Bidjara language | Bithara, Bitjara | Extinct | Qld | |
| Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin | Broom Creole, Japanese Pidgin English, Koepang Talk, Malay Talk | 40 | Moribund | WA Developed post-contact, second language speakers only. |
| Bundjalung language, Bandjalang language[1] | 100 | Shifting | NSW | |
| Bunuba language[1] | Bunaba, Bunapa, Punapa | 40 to 110 | Moribund | WA |
| Bunurong language | Extinct | Vic | ||
| Burduna language | Boordoona, Bootena, Boruna, Budina, Budoona, Buduna, Bu-tena, Poodena, Poordoona, Purduma, Purduna | Extinct | WA | |
| Damin language | Demiin | Extinct | Initiation language for men. Qld | |
| Darkinjung language | Darginjang, Darginyung, Darkinjang, Darkinoong, Darkinung, Darkinyun, Darkinyung, Darknung | Extinct | NSW | |
| Dharawal language[1] | Dharawaal, Thurrawal, Thurawal, Turrubul | Extinct | NSW | |
| Dhargari language | 1 | Nearly Extinct | ||
| Dharug language[1] | Daruk, Dharruk, Dharuk, Dharug, Darug | Extinct | NSW | |
| Dhauwurdwurung language | Gunditjmara | Extinct | Vic | |
| Dhurga language[1] | Extinct | |||
| Dirari language | Extinct | |||
| Diyari language | Dieri | Extinct | Pama–Nyungan languages, Karnic, Karna. SA | |
| Djabwurung language | Tjap-wurrung | Extinct | Vic | |
| Djangun language | Extinct | |||
| Djawi language, Jawi language | Chowie, Djau, Dyawi | Extinct | WA | |
| Djinang language[1] | 100 to 230 | Vigorous | Yolŋu languages | |
| Djiringanj language | Extinct | SE NSW | ||
| Djiwarli language, Jiwarli language | Djiwali, Djwarli, Guwari, Jiwali, Kuwari, Tci-warli, Tjiwarli | Extinct | WA | |
| Doolboong language | Duulngari, Tulpung | Extinct | WA | |
| Dungidjau language[1] | Extinct | |||
| Dyaabugay language, Djabugay language | Djabugai, Dyabugay, Tjapukai | 28 | Moribund | Qld |
| Dyaberdyaber language, Djabirr-Djabirr language | Djaberdjaber, Djaber-Djaber, Jabirr-Jabirr, Jabirrjabirr | Extinct | WA | |
| Dyangadi language | Extinct | |||
| Dyirbal language[1] | 15 to 28 (Wurm 2007) | Moribund | Qld | |
| Dyugun language, Djugun language | Djugan, Djukan, Jookoon | Extinct | WA | |
| Eora language | Iora | Extinct | NSW | |
| Erre language | Extinct | |||
| Flinders Island language | Extinct | Yalgawarra language | ||
G-K
| Language | Alt. names | Speakers | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaagudju language, Gagadu language[1] | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | extinct | ||
| Gajerrong language, Gadjerawang language, Gajirrabeng language[1] | Gadjerong, Gadyerong, Gajirrawoong, Kajirrawung | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | WA & NT |
| Gambera language | Gambere, Gamberre, Gambre, Gamgre, Guwan, Kambera | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | WA | |
| Gamilaraay language[1] | Camileroi, Gamilaroi, Kamilaroi, Yuwaalaraay, Wallarai | 3 (1997 Coonabarabran Public School) | Critically endangered | NSW |
| Ganggalidda language, Ganggalida language[1] | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | ||
| Garawa language | 40 to 87 speakers | NT | ||
| Garig-Ilgar language | 4 (2003 N Evans) Population includes 3 Ilgar, 1 Garig |
|||
| Giyug language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Gooniyandi language[1] | Gunian, Guniandi, Guniyan, Guniyandi, Guniyn, Konejandi, Koneyandi, Kunan, Kunian, Kuniyan | 100 (1990 Schmidt) | Severely endangered | WA |
| Gudanji language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Gugadj language | Kukatj | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | |
| Gugu Badhun language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Gugubera language, Koko-Bera language, Koko Bera language[1] | Kok Kaber, Kok-Kaper, Kukubera | 15 (1991 SIL) 50 (1990 Schmidt) | Severely endangered | Qld |
| Guguyimidjir language, Guugu Yimithirr language, Guugu Yimidhirr language[1] | Gogo-Yimidjir, Gugu-Gugu Yimijir, Gugu Yimithirr, Koko Imudji, Koko Yimidir, Kuku Jimidir, Kuku Kuku Yimithirr, Kukuyimidir | 20 to 30 (1991 Wayne Rosendale) 200 to 300 know and understand the language but prefer English 400 (1990 Schmidt) |
Vulnerable | Qld |
| Gumbaynggirr language, Kumbainggar language[1] | 10 (2000) | Critically endangered | ||
| Gundungurra language | Gandangara | NSW | ||
| Gungabula language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Gunin language | Cuini, Kunan, Goonan, Gunan, Gwini, Gwiini | WA | ||
| Gunya language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Gupapuyngu language[1] | Gobabingo, Gubabwingu | 330 | Vulnerable | NT |
| Gurindji Kriol language | Gurindji children's language, Gurinji children's language | NT. Developed post-contact | ||
| Gurrgoni language, Guragone language[1] | 20 (1990 Schmidt) | Vulnerable | ||
| Guwamu language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Guwij language | Guidj, Guwidj | WA | ||
| Iwaidja language[1] | 130 | Vulnerable | ||
| Jaminjung language Djamindjung language[1] | Djamindjung | 27 tp 130 | Severely endangered | |
| Jardwadjali language | Vic | |||
| Jaru language | Djaru, Jaroo, Tjaru | 350 | WA | |
| Jawoyn language[1] | 20 to 42 | Severely endangered | ||
| Jingulu language, Djingili language[1] | 10 (1997) | Severely endangered | Pama–Nyungan languages, Barkly. NT | |
| Jurruru language | Chooraroo, Churoro, Djuroro, Jururu, Thuraru, Tjuroro, Tjurruru, Tjururu | WA | ||
| Kabi Kabi language | Gabi Gabi, Kabi Kabi, Dippil | Qld | ||
| Kala Lagaw Ya language | 700 to 1200 | Qld | ||
| Kalaamaya language | Galamai, Galamaya, Jaburu, Kaburn, Kalamaia, Kelamai, Natingero, Njindango, Takalako | WA | ||
| Kalaku language | Gala:gu, Galaagu, Kaburn, Kalaaku, Kalako, l, Kalarko, Kallaar, Kallaargu, Karlaku, Malba, Malpa, Marlba | WA | ||
| Kamu language | 2 (1967) | |||
| Kaniyang language | Ganajang, Kaneang, Kaniyan, Kunyung | WA | ||
| Kanju language, Kaantju language | Gandanju, Gandju, Kaantyu, Kamdhue, Kandju, Kandyu, Kanyu, Karnu | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | |
| Karajarri language, Karadjeri language[1] | Garadjari, Garadjeri, Garadjiri, Garadyari, Gard'are, Guradjara, Karrajarri | 12 (1991 SIL) | Critically endangered | WA |
| Kariyarra language | Gariera, Kaierra, Kariara, Kariera, Karriara, Karriarra, Kariyara, Kyeara | WA | ||
| Kaurna language | SA | |||
| Kaurna language[1] | Critically endangered | |||
| Kawarrangg language | Qld | |||
| Kayardild language[1] | Gajadilt, Gajardild, Gayadilt, Gayardild, Gayardilt, Kaiadilt, Malununda | 6 (2000 Evans) 150 | Critically endangered | Pama–Nyungan languages, Tangic. Qld, Bentinck Island |
| Kija language[1] | Gidja, Kidja, Kitja, Lunga, Lungga | 210 | Severely endangered | WA |
| Kokata language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Western Desert Language | ||
| Kok-Nar language | Kok Narr | Qld | ||
| Kukatja language[1] | Gogodja, Gugadja, Gugudja, Kukaja | Vulnerable | WA | |
| Kuku Thaypan language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | ||
| Kuku Yalanji language[1] | Gugu Guguyalanji, Koko-Yalangi | Severely endangered | Qld | |
| Kuku-Mangk language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | ||
| Kuku-Mu'inh language | 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Kuku-Muminh language | 31 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Kuku-Ugbanh language | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Kuku-Uwanh language | 40 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Kullili language | Kullila, Galili | Qld | ||
| Kuluwarrang language | Guluwarin, Kuluwarin | WA | ||
| Kunbarlang language[1] | 50 to 100 (1983 Black) | Severely endangered | ||
| Kunggara language | 10 (1971 SIL) | |||
| Kunggari language | 10 | |||
| Kunja language | Qld | |||
| Kunjen language[1] | 20 to 25 (1991 Bruce Sommer) 40 with some knowledge 300 (1991 Bruce Sommer) |
Critically endangered | ||
| Kunwinjku language[1] | 1200 to 2000 | Vulnerable | ||
| Kurrama language[1] | Gurama, Karama, Karima, Kerama, Korama, Korima, Kurama | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | WA |
| Kurtjar language, Gurdjar language[1] | Kurtjjar, Kurrtjar | 30 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | extinct | Qld |
| Kuthant language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | ||
| Kuuk Thaayorre language[1] | Gugudayor, Kuktayor, Kukudayore, Kuuk Thaayoore, Kuuk Taior, Thaayore, Thayore, Thayorre | 24 | Definitely endangered | Qld |
| Kuuku Ya'u language | Koko-Ja'o, Kokoyao, Kuuku-Ya'u, Ya'o | Critically endangered | Qld | |
| Kuurinji language, Gurindji language[1] | Gurinji, Kuurrinyji | 225 to 900 | Definitely endangered | NT |
| Kuyani language | Guyani, Kijani, Kwiani | SA extinct. R. M. W. Dixon classifies Adnyamathanha and Guyani as a single language. Ethnologue treats them as separate, and so they each have their own ISO 639-3 codes | ||
L-M
| Language | Alt. names | Speakers | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lairmairrener language | Central Tas | |||
| Lamu-Lamu language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Laragia language | 6 (1983 Black) | |||
| Lardil language[1] | Leerdil | 2 (2000 Evans) | Critically endangered | Qld moribund |
| Larrakia language | 29 | NT | ||
| Limilngan language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Linngithigh language | Leningitij, Linngithig | Qld | ||
| Lower Burdekin languages | ||||
| Luthigh language | Qld | |||
| Matngele language, Madngele language[1] | 15 to 20 (1983 Black), 10 (estimate fieldwork 2013) |
Critically endangered | NT | |
| Malgana language | Malngin, Maljanna, Maldjana, Malkana | WA | ||
| Malyangaba language | Maljangapa, Maljangpa, Maljangaba, Malya-napa, Mullia-arpa, Mulya-napa, Mulya-nappa, Malynapa, Maljapa, Malyapa, Karikari, Bulali | SA | ||
| Manda language | 25 (1983 Black) | |||
| Mandandanyi language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Mangarla language, Mangala language[1] | Manala, Mangalaa, Maŋala, Minala | 63 | Critically endangered | WA |
| Mangarrayi language, Mangarayi language[1] | 50 (1983 Black) | Critically endangered | ||
| Mangerr language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Mara language, Marra language | 15 (1991 M Sharpe) | NT | ||
| Maranunggu language | 15 to 20 (1983 Black) | |||
| Margany language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Maridan language | 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Marimanindji language | 15 (1983 Black) | |||
| Maringarr language[1] | 30 to 40 (1983 Black) | Critically endangered | ||
| Mariyedi language | 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Marrgu language, Margu language[1] | 1 (2000 Evans) | extinct | ||
| Marrisyefin language, Maridjabin language[1] | 20 (1970 Oates) | Critically endangered | ||
| Marrithiyel language, Marithiel language[1] | 25 (1983 Black) | Critically endangered | ||
| Marti Ke language | 10 (2001 Alexander) 100 | |||
| Martuwangka language[1] | Vulnerable | |||
| Martuyhunira language, Martuthunira language | Maratunia, Mardadhunira, Mardathon, Mardathoni, Mardathoonera, Mardatuna, Mardatunera, Mardudhoonera, Mardudhunera, Mardudhunira, Mardudjungara, Marduduna, Mardudunera, Marduthunira, Mardutunera, Mardutunira, Marduyunira, Martuthinya, and | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | WA extinct | |
| Maung language[1] | 260 | Vulnerable | ||
| Maya language (Australia) | Maia, Maja | WA | ||
| Mayaguduna language | 2 | |||
| Mbabaram language | Barbaram | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | |
| Mbara language (Australia) | ||||
| Mbariman-Gudhinma language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Mbiywom language | Qld | |||
| Meriam Mir language[1] | 160 to 210 | Definitely endangered | ||
| Miriwoong language, Miriwung language[1] | 10 to 20 (1990 Schmidt) | Critically endangered | ||
| Miwa language | Bagu, Miwi, Pela | 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | WA | |
| Mpakwithi dialect | Qld | |||
| Mpalityanh language | Qld | |||
| Mudburra language, Mudbura language[1] | 50 (1983 Black) | Severely endangered | ||
| MalakMalak, MullukMulluk[1] | 9 to 11 (1988 SIL), 11 (estimate fieldwork 2013) |
Severely endangered | ||
| Muluridyi language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Munumburru language | Munumburu | WA | ||
| Muruwari language | Muruwarri, Murawari, Murawarri | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | |
N-U
| Language | Alt. names | Speakers | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nakkara language[1] | 50 (2006) | Severely endangered | Arnhem Land, NT | |
| Nauo language | Nawu, Nhawu, Nawo, Njao | Extinct | Eyre Peninsula, South Australia | |
| Ndjébbana language | Djeebbana, Kunibidji, Gunavidji, Gunivugi, Gombudj | 240 (2006) | Endangered | Liverpool River, Arnhem Land, NT |
| Ngaanyatjarra language[1] | 700 to 1000 (2006) | Vulnerable | Warburton, Western Australia | |
| Ngaatjatjara language[1] | Ngaatjatjara, Ngaadadjarra | 12 (2005) | Moribund | Warburton, Western Australia |
| Ngadjunmaya language | 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori), 0 (2007) | Extinct | Goldfields-Esperance, WA | |
| Ngadjuri language | Extinct | SA | ||
| Ngalakan language[1] | 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori), 0 (2004) | Extinct | Roper River, Northern Territory | |
| Ngaliwuru language[1] | Jaminjung | 27 to 130 (2006) | Critically endangered | Victoria River (Northern Territory) |
| Ngalkbun language, Dalabon language[1] | Buin, Boun, Buan, Bouin, Buwan, Dangbon, Gundangbon, Ngalabon, Ngalkbon, Nalabon | 15 (2006) | Moribund | Arnhem Land, Northern Territory |
| Ngamini language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | SA | |
| Ngandi language[1] | 9 (2006) | Critically endangered | NT | |
| Ngan'gityemerri language | Ngan.gi-tjemerri, Nangikurrunggurr | 110 to 180 | Endangered | Daly River, NT |
| Ngardi language[1] | Ngadi, Narti, Ngati | 10 to 14 (2006) | Moribund | NT, WA |
| Ngarigo language[1] | Ngarigu | Moribund by early 20th C, now extinct. [4] | Centred on Monaro region NSW, ACT, VIC | |
| Ngarinman language[1] | 592 (2006) | Severely endangered | Northern Territory | |
| Ngarinyin language[1] | Ungarinjin, Eastern Worrorran | Moribund | Northern Kimberley, WA | |
| Ngarla language[1] | 8 (1991), 0 (2015) 10 partial speakers |
Extinct | Port Hedland, WA | |
| Ngarluma language[1] | Gnalluma, Gnalooma, Gnalouma, Ngallooma, Ngalluma, Ngalooma, Ngaluma | 11 to 42 (2006) | Critically endangered | WA |
| Ngarnawu language | Ngarnaw | 56 to 58 (2009) | Moribund | Northern Kimberley, WA |
| Ngarnka language | Pama–Nyungan languages | Extinct | Barkly Tableland, Northern Territory | |
| Ngawun language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | |
| Ngkoth language | Extinct | Qld | ||
| Ngumbarl language | Ngoombarl, Ngormbal, Ngumbal | Extinct | WA | |
| Ngunawal language | Ngunnawal, Burragorang, Gundungurra | Extinct | NSW/ACT | |
| Ngurmbur language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Arnhem Land, Northern Territory | |
| Nhanta language | Nhanda | "A Handful" (2001) | Moribund | WA |
| Nhuwala language | Ngoala, Noala, Noalla, Nooela, Nuela | No L1 Speakers | Dormant | WA |
| Nijadali language | Nyiyaparli | 3 (2006) | Moribund | WA |
| Nimanbur language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Dampier Peninsula. WA | |
| Ntra'ngith language | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | ||
| Nuenonne language | Nyunoni | Extinct | SE Tas | |
| Nungali language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Daly River, Northern Territory | |
| Nunggubuyu language[1] | 272 (2016) | Severely endangered | Numbulwar, Northern Territory | |
| Nyamal language[1] | Gnamo, Namel, Njamal, Njamarl, Nyamel | 20 to 34 (2006) | Severely endangered | Pilbara, WA |
| Nyangga language | Yukulta | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Queensland & Northern Territory |
| Nyangumarta language[1] | 250 to 310 | Vulnerable | WA | |
| Nyawaygi language | Extinct | NE Queensland | ||
| Nyikina language, Nyigina language[1] | 20 to 68 (2006) | Severely endangered | Fitzroy River, WA | |
| Nyininy language | Njining, Njininj, Nyinin | 350 (2006) | Endangered | WA |
| Nyulnyul language | Njul-Njul, Nyol-Nyol, Nyoolnyool, Nyul Nyul | Extinct | WA | |
| Nyungar language | Noongar | 232 (dialects 8,000) | Endangered | WA |
| Okunjan language | Ogh-Undjan, Ogondyan | 2 (2005) | Moribund | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland |
| Paakantyi language, Darling language[1] | Baagandji, Kula, Pama–Nyungan | 4 to 22 (2006) | Critically endangered | Darling River, NSW |
| Pakanha language | No L1 speakers (2007 Wurm) | Dormant | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | |
| Paredarerme language | Extinct | Tas | ||
| Peerapper language | Extinct | Tas | ||
| Peramangk language | Poonawatta, Tarrawatta, Karrawatta, Yira-Ruka, Wiljani, Mutingengal, Runganng, Jolori, Pongarang, Paldarinalwar, Merelda. | Descendants still exist | Adelaide Hills, SA | |
| Pini language | 10 | Moribund | Western Desert language | |
| Pinigura language | Dhalandji | 6 (2005) | Moribund | WA |
| Pintupi language[1] | 203 | Vulnerable | NT, WA | |
| Pitjantjatjara language[1] | 2700 | Vulnerable | NT, SA, WA | |
| Pitta Pitta language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Boulia, Queensland | |
| Plangermaireener language | Extinct | Tas | ||
| Popham Bay language | Wurrugu | Extinct | NT | |
| Pyemmairre language | Extinct | Tas | ||
| Rembarrnga language[1] | 10 to 38 (2006) | Critically endangered | Roper River, NT | |
| Ritharrngu language[1] | 32 (2006) | Critically endangered | Northern Territory | |
| Tharkarri language[1] | 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | Pilbara, WA | |
| Thaua language | Thoorga, Durga, Dhurga | Extinct | South Coast of NSW | |
| Thiin language | Extinct | WA | ||
| Tiwi language[1] | 1700 | Vulnerable | Tiwi Islands | |
| Tommeginne language | Extinct | NNW Tas | ||
| Toogee language | Extinct | SW Tas | ||
| Tyaraity language | 8 (2015) | Moribund | Daly River, Northern Territory | |
| Tyerremotepanner language | Extinct | NNE Tas | ||
| Umbindhamu language | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland | |
| Umbugarla language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Arnhem Land, NT | |
| Umbuygamu language | 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Queensland | |
| Umiida language | Umida, Umi:da | 4 to 22 (2005) | Moribund | WA |
| Umpila language[1] | 12 (2005) | Severely endangered | Cape York Peninsula, Qld | |
| Unggarangu language | Unggarangi | 4 to 22 (2005) | Moribund | WA |
| Unggumi language | Ungkami, Wunggumi | 4 to 22 (2005) | Moribund | WA |
| Uradhi language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Cape York Peninsula, Qld | |
| Urningangg language | Mangerr, Giimbiyu | 10 (1983 Black) | Extinct | Arnhem Land, NT |
| Uw Olkola language | Olkola, Olgolo, Kunjen | 2 (2005) | Moribund | Cape York Peninsula, Qld |
| Uw Oykangand language | Oykangand, Kunjen | 2 (2005) | Moribund | Cape York Peninsula, Qld |
W-Z
| Language | Alt. names | Speakers | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waanyi language[1] | Critically endangered | Garawa. Qld | ||
| Wadjiginy language | 12 (1988 SIL) | |||
| Wadjigu language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wagaya language | 10 (1983 Black) | |||
| Wagiman language, Wageman language[1] | 10 (2000) | Severely endangered | ||
| Wajarri language[1] | Watjari, Watjarri, Wadjari, Wadjeri | 50 (1981 W Douglas) 200 or fewer (1981 W Douglas) |
Severely endangered | WA |
| Wakawaka language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Walangama language | Qld | |||
| Walbanga language | Pama–Nyungan languages, Yuin–Kuric languages, Yuin. South Coast of New South wales | |||
| Walmajarri language[1] | Tjiwaling, Tjiwarlin | 500 to 520 | Definitely endangered | |
| Wambaya language[1] | 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | Pama–Nyungan languages, Barkly. NT | |
| Wamin language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wandandian language | Pama–Nyungan languages, Yuin-Kuric, Yuin. South Coast of New South wales | |||
| Wangaaybuwan language, Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa language[1] | 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | ||
| Wangai language | Wongai or Wankai | 200-300 | Goldfields of Western Australia | |
| Wanggamala language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wangganguru language | 8 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wangkajunga language | Wangkatjungka, Wonggadjunggu | WA | ||
| Wangkumara language, Ngura language[1] | Wanggumara | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) Population includes 1 Punthamara, 4 Wongkumara, 2 Badjiri, and 1 Kalali |
Critically endangered | Qld |
| Wanyjirra language | Wandjira, Wandjirra, Wanjira | NT | ||
| Waray language | Warray, Wulwulam (dialect), Ngorrkkowo (dialect) | 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Extinct | Adelaide River, NT |
| Wardaman language[1] | 50 (1983 Black) | Severely endangered | WA | |
| Warlmanpa language | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Warlpiri language[1] | 2500 | Vulnerable | ||
| Warluwara language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Warnman language, Wanman language[1] | 20 (1973 SIL) | Severely endangered | ||
| Warrgamay language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Warrungu language | Warrangu, Warrango | Qld | ||
| Warrwa language | Warwa, Warwar | 2 (2001 McGregor) | WA | |
| Warumungu language[1] | 50 to 310 | Severely endangered | ||
| Warungu language | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Western Desert language | See article for the various dialects | 7400 | WA, NT & SA | |
| Wik Me'nh language | Qld | |||
| Wik Mungkan language[1] | 1050 | Vulnerable | ||
| Wik Ngathan language[1] | Definitely endangered | |||
| Wik-Epa language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wik-Iiyanh language | 40 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wik-Keyangan language | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wik-Me'anha language | 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wik-Ngatharr language | Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Ngatharr, Wik-Ngatharra, Wik-Ngathrr, Wikngatara | Qld | ||
| Wikngenchera language, Wik Ngencherr language[1] | 50 (1970 Oates) | Severely endangered | ||
| Wilawila language | Wila-Wila | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | WA | |
| Winyjarrumi language | Windjarumi | WA | ||
| Wiradjuri language, Wiradhuri language[1] | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Critically endangered | ||
| Wirangu language | Warrangoo, Wirongu, Wironguwongga, Wirrung, Wirrunga | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | SA | |
| Woiwurrung language | Woiwurrong, Woiworung | Pama–Nyungan languages, Kulin. Vic extinct | ||
| Wolyamidi language | Woldjamidi, Wol'jamidi, Wolyamidi | WA | ||
| Worimi language | NSW extinct | |||
| Worrorra language, Worora language[1] | 20 (1990 Schmidt) | Critically endangered | ||
| Wulna language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Wunambal language[1] | Unambal, Wunambul | 20 (1990 A Schmidt) | Critically endangered | WA |
| Wurla language | Ola, Worla, Wula | WA | ||
| Yandruwandha language | Yandrruwantha | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | SA & Qld | |
| Yankunytjatjara language[1] | 70 to 560 | Definitely endangered | ||
| Yan-nhangu language, Jarnango language[1] | 40 (1983 Black) | Definitely endangered | ||
| Yanyuwa language[1] | 70 to 130 | Severely endangered | ||
| Yawarawarga language | Yawarrawarrka | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | SA & Qld | |
| Yawijibaya language | Jawdjibara, Yaudjibara, Yawjibarra | WA | ||
| Yawuru language | Jauor, Yaoro, Yawooroo | 30 (2001 K Hosokawa) | WA | |
| Yidiny language | Idin, Idindji, Idinji, Jidindji, Yetinji, Yiddinji, Yidin, Yidindji, Yidini, Yitintyi | 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | Qld | |
| Yiiji language[1] | Jeidji, Yeidji | 20 (1990 A Schmidt) | Critically endangered | WA |
| Yindjilandji language | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | |||
| Yinggarda language | Inggarda, Ingara, Ingarda, Ingarra, Ingarrah, Inparra, Jinggarda, Yingkarta, Kakarakala | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori) | WA | |
| Yinhawangka language | Inawonga, Innawonga, Inyawonga | WA | ||
| Yinwum language | Qld | |||
| Yir Yoront language[1] | 15 (1991 Bruce Sommer) | extinct | ||
| Yir-Thangedl language | Qld | |||
| Yorta Yorta language | Vic | |||
| Yukulta language | Jokula | Qld, Doomagee region | ||
| Yulparija language | Julbaridja, Julbre, Yulbaridya, Yurlparija | WA | ||
| Yuwaaliyaay language | Euahlayi, Yuwaalayaay | NSW | ||
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:
- ↑ Koch, Harold (2016). Documentary sources on the Ngarigu language: the value of a single recording.
External links
Some of these sources conflict to some degree with one another.
- Aboriginal Australia map, a guide to Aboriginal language, tribal and nation groups published by AIATSIS
- AUSTLANG Australian Indigenous Languages Database at AIATSIS
- Australian language family trees
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages Editor: David Nathan
- South Australian Museum
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