Levator ani syndrome

Levator ani syndrome
Left levator ani muscle seen from within
Specialty Gastroenterology

Levator ani syndrome (also called levator spasm, puborectalis syndrome, chronic proctalgia, piriformis syndrome, pelvic tension myalgia, levator syndrome, and proctodynia) is a condition characterized by brief intermittent burning pain or tenesmus of the rectal or perineal area,[1] caused by spasm of the levator ani muscle.[2][3][4] The genesis of the syndrome is unknown, however it has been suggested that inflammation of the arcus tendon is the possible cause of levator ani syndrome.[5]

Symptoms

Symptoms include a dull ache to the left 2 inches above the anus or higher in the rectum and a feeling of constant rectal pressure or burning. The pain may last for 30 minutes or longer, and is usually described as chronic or intermittent with prolonged periods, in contrast to the brief pain of the related disorder proctalgia fugax. Pain may be worse when sitting than when standing or lying. Precipitating factors include extended sitting, defecation, stress, sexual intercourse, childbirth, and surgery. Palpation of the levator ani muscle may find tenderness.[6]

Proctalgia fugax and levator ani syndrome have not been found to be of psychosomatic origin, although stressful events may trigger attacks.[3] Patients with levator ani syndrome also have "significant elevations on the hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," which is also the case in general among chronic pain sufferers.[4]

Treatment

The discomfort may be relieved by walking or pelvic tightening exercises similar to Kegel exercises. Other treatments include massage of the muscle, warm baths, muscle relaxant medications such as cyclobenzaprine, therapeutic ultrasound and biofeedback. Electrical stimulation of the levator ani muscle has been used to try to break the spastic cycle. Injection of botulinum toxin A has also been used.

References

  1. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
  2. ↑ Levator Syndrome, by Parswa Ansari, MD 7/2014, Merck Manuals
  3. 1 2 Giulio Aniello Santoro; Andrzej Paweł Wieczorek; Clive I. Bartram (27 October 2010). Pelvic Floor Disorders: Imaging and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management. Springer. p. 601. ISBN 978-88-470-1542-5.
  4. 1 2 Bharucha AE, Trabuco E (September 2008). "Functional and chronic anorectal and pelvic pain disorders". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 685–96, ix. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.002. PMC 2676775. PMID 18794003.
  5. ↑ Park DH, Yoon SG, Kim KU, et al. (May 2005). "Comparison study between electrogalvanic stimulation and local injection therapy in levator ani syndrome". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 20 (3): 272–6. doi:10.1007/s00384-004-0662-9. PMID 15526112.
  6. ↑ Bharucha, Adil E.; Lee, Tae Hee (October 2016). "Anorectal and Pelvic Pain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings (review). 91 (10): 1471–1486. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.011. ISSN 1942-5546. PMC 5123821. PMID 27712641.
Classification
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