Latin music

Latin music (Portuguese and Spanish: música latina) is a genre that is used by the music industry as a catch-all term for any music that comes from Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking areas of the world, namely Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, as well as music sung in either language.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In the United States, the music industry defines "Latin music" as any recording sung mostly in Spanish regardless of its genre or the artist's nationality.[8][9] Both the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Billboard magazine use this definition of "Latin music" to track sales of Spanish-language records in the US.[10][11] Spain, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States are the largest Latin music markets in the world.[12]

Contemporary usage

Since the late 1990s, the US has had a substantially rising population of "Latinos",[13] a term popularized since the 1960s due to the wrong and confusing use of the term "Spanish" and the more proper but less popular term "Hispanic".[14] A great part of the English-speaking media started to refer to any kind of music featuring Spanish vocals as "Latin music".[15]

International organizations and conferences

Major record labels such as Universal Music Group, Sony Music, and Warner Music often have two divisions dedicated to the Latin market: one which focuses on Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula,[16] and the other for the Hispanic market in the United States.[17] Since 1990, Billboard has held the Latin Music Conference every year. The week-long conference features speakers including key personnel such as executives and producers from the Latin music industry and notable artists in the Latin music scene. The conference concludes with the annual Billboard Latin Music Awards.[18] In 2000, the Latin Recording Academy inaugurated the Latin Grammy Awards to recognize musicians who perform in Spanish or Portuguese.[19] The awards mainly encompass music from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.[20][21] The Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2012 to recognize songwriters from Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking regions around the world.[22]

History

1940s–1950s

The term "Latin music" originated from the US due to the growing influence of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the American music market, with notable pioneers including Xavier Cugat (1940s) and Tito Puente (1950s) and then accelerating in later decades.[2][3] As one author explained the rising popularity from the 1940s: "Latin America, the one part of the world not engulfed in World War II, became a favorite topic for songs and films for Americans who wanted momentarily to forget about the conflagration."[23] Wartime propaganda for America's "Good Neighbor Policy" further enhanced the cultural impact.[24]

1960s

The Brazilian bossa nova became widespread in Latin America and later became an international trend, led especially by Antônio Carlos Jobim.[25] Rock en español became popular with the younger generation of Latinos in Latin America,[26] notably including Argentine bands such as Almendra.[27] Mexican-American Latin rock guitarist Carlos Santana began his decades of popularity.[28]

1970s

Spanish singer Julio Iglesias was recognized by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling male Latin artist of all time in 2013.[29]

Salsa music became the dominant genre of tropical music in the 1970s. Fania Records was credited for popularizing salsa music, with acts such as Rubén Blades, Héctor Lavoe, and Celia Cruz expanding the audience.[30] In the late 1970s, an influx of balladeers from Spain such as Julio Iglesias, Camilo Sesto, and Raphael established their presence on the music charts both in Latin America and the US Latin market.[31] In 1972, OTI Festival was established by the Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica as a songwriting contest to connect the Ibero-American countries (Latin America, Spain, and Portugal) together. Ramiro Burr of Billboard noted that the contest was considered to be the "largest and most prestigious songwriting festival in the Latin music world".[32]

1980s

In the 1980s, the Latin ballad continued to be the main form of Latin pop music, with Juan Gabriel, José José, Julio Iglesias, Roberto Carlos, and José Luis Rodríguez dominating the charts.[33] Salsa music lost some traction, and its musical style changed to a slower rhythm with more emphasis on romantic lyrics. This became known as the salsa romantica era.[34]

1990s

Bolero music saw a resurgence of popularity with the younger audience. Mexican singer Luis Miguel was credited for the renewed interest due to the success of his album, Romance (1991), a collection of classics covered by the artist.[35] By the mid-1990s, Latin pop music was dominated by younger artists such as Menudo alumnus Ricky Martin, Colombian teen Shakira, and Julio's son Enrique Iglesias.[36] Around the same time, artists from Italy such as Eros Ramazzotti, Laura Pausini, and Nek successfully crossed over to the Latin music field by recording Spanish-language versions of their songs.[37] In the Regional Mexican field, Tejano became the most prominent genre. Selena helped push Tejano music into the mainstream market with her albums Entre a Mi Mundo (1992) and Amor Prohibido (1994), although the genre's popularity declined following her death in 1995.[38] In the tropical music field, merengue, which gained attention in the 1980s, rivaled salsa in popularity.[39]

2000s

In the mid-2000s, reggaeton became popular in the mainstream market, with Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Wisin & Yandel considered to be the frontiers of the genre.[40] In the tropical music scene, bachata music became popular in the field, with artists such as Monchy & Alexandra and Aventura finding success in the urban areas of Latin America.[41] Banda was the dominant genre in the Regional Mexican music field.[42]

2010s

By the turn of the decade, the Latin music field became dominated by up-tempo rhythms including electropop, reggaeton, urban, banda, and contemporary bachata music, as Latin ballads and crooners fell out of favor among U.S. Latin radio programmers.[43] Streaming has become the dominant form of revenue in the Latin music industry in the United States, Latin America, and Spain.[44] Latin trap gained mainstream attention in the mid-2010s with notable artists such as Ozuna, Bad Bunny, Anuel AA and Noriel.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin beat: The Rhythms and Roots of Latin music From Bossa Nova to Salsa and Beyond (1. Da Capo Press ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. xiii. ISBN 0306810182. Retrieved September 10, 2015. Including Spain, there are twenty-two predominately Spanish-speaking countries, and there are many more styles of Latin music.
  2. 1 2 Stavans, llan (2014). Latin music: musicians, genres, and themes. Santa Barbara, California:: ABC-CLIO. p. xviii, 838. ISBN 9780313343964. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  3. 1 2 Lawrence, Larry; Wright, Tom (January 26, 1985). "¡Viva Latino!". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 97 (4): 53, 62. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  4. ↑ Flores, Juan; Rosaldo, Renato (2007). A Companion to Latina/o Studies. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. p. 50. ISBN 9780470658260. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  5. ↑ Llewellyn, Howell (November 25, 1995). "ShowMarket to Focus on Development of Latin Music". Billboard. Nielsen Media. 107 (47): 72. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  6. ↑ Arenas, Fernando (2011). Lusophone Africa: Beyond Independence. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780816669837. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  7. ↑ Stavans, Ilan; Augenbraum, Harold (2005). Encyclopedia Latina : history, culture, and society in the United States. Danbury, Conn.: Grolier Academic Reference. p. 201. ISBN 9780717258185. The term Latin music identifies a wide range of genres and styles generated in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula
  8. ↑ Edwards, Bob (September 13, 2000). "Profile: Latin Grammys at the Staples Center in Los Angeles". NPR. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
  9. ↑ Barkley, Elizabeth F. (2007). Crossroads: the Multicultural Roots of America's Popular Music (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 232. ISBN 9780131930735. The U.S. record industry defines Latin music as simply any release with lyrics that are mostly in Spanish.
  10. ↑ Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (December 26, 1999). "The Loud and Quiet Explosions". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  11. ↑ Cobo, Leila (January 5, 2012). "Latin Sales Down Slightly In 2011, Digital Latin Sales Up". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  12. ↑ Llewellyn, Howell (November 11, 2000). "The Spanish Market Looks To Export Artists". Billboard. 112 (46): 78. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  13. ↑ Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo (2008). Latinos: Remaking America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25827-3.
  14. ↑ González, Juan (2011). Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311928-9.
  15. ↑ Avant-Mier, Roberto (2010). Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora. Continuum Publishing Corporation.
  16. ↑ "Billboard's Latin Power Players List Revealed". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. July 30, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  17. ↑ Rodriguez, Rene (June 26, 2016). "The Miami sound is gone. But the beat goes on. Here is what replaced it". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  18. ↑ Cobo, Leila (1 April 2014). "Countdown to the 25th Annual Billboard Latin Music Conference: 1989-1993". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  19. ↑ Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (June 25, 1999). "One Little Word, Yet It Means So Much". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Billboard Spotlights Spain & Portugal". Billboard. Nielsen N.V. 111 (47): 91. November 20, 1999. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  21. ↑ Fernandez, Enrique (March 5, 2000). "After Birthing Pains, Latin Grammys Should Grow Strong". Sun-Sentinel. McClatchy Company. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  22. ↑ S. Pajot (December 12, 2012). "Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame Launches in Miami, Announces 2013 Nominees". Miami New Times. Voice Media Group. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  23. ↑ Furia, Philip (2004). Skylark: The Life and Times of Johnny Mercer. Macmillan. p. 263. ISBN 978-1466819238.
  24. ↑ O'Neil, Brian (2005). "Carmen Miranda: The High Price of Fame and Bananas". In Ruiz, Vicki L.; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia. Latina Legacies. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19515398-9. the power that Hollywood films could exert in the two-pronged campaign to win the hearts and minds of Latin Americans and to convince Americans of the benefits of Pan-American friendship
  25. ↑ Taffet, Jeffrey; Watcher, Dustin (2011). Latin America and the United States: A Documentary History (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195385687. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  26. ↑ Candelaria, Cordelia (2004). Candelaria, Cordelia; García, Peter J.; Aldama, Arturo J., eds. Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture in the United States. 2. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 690. ISBN 0313322155.
  27. ↑ Olsen, Dale; Sheehy, Daniel E. (2008). The Garland handbook of Latin American music (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 458. ISBN 978-0415961011. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  28. ↑ Ruhlmann, William (2003). "Carlos Santana: Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Julio Iglesias receives world record certificate in Beijing". Guinness World Record. April 2, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  30. ↑ Bernstein, Arthur; Sekine, Naoki; Weismann, Dick (2013). The Global Music Industry Three Perspectives. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 78. ISBN 9781135922481. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  31. ↑ Salaverri, Fernando (November 3, 1979). "Spain Establishing the Latin European Link". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 91 (44). ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  32. ↑ Burr, Ramiro (January 5, 1991). "Mexican Quartet Captures Top OTI Prize". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 61.
  33. ↑ Cobo, Leila (November 29, 2003). "The Prince's 40-Year Reign: A Billboard Q&A". Billboard. Nielsen Company. 115 (48): 28.
  34. ↑ Pietrobruno, Sheenagh (2006). Salsa and Its Transnational Moves. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739160589.
  35. ↑ Holston, Mark (September 1, 1995). "Ageless Romance with Bolero". Américas. Organization of American States. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  36. ↑ Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American immigration. New York: Facts On File. p. 92. ISBN 9781438110127.
  37. ↑ Obejas, Achy (April 4, 1999). "Italian Artists Conquer Latin Music Charts". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  38. ↑ Saldana, Hector (August 16, 2015). "Tejano music enjoyed a decade-long golden age". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  39. ↑ Rodriguez, Nelson (September 1, 1998). "A look at contemporary Merengue. (género de música Latinoamericana)(TA: Latin American music genre)". Latin Beat Magazine. Retrieved May 18, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
  40. ↑ Resto-Montero, Gabriela (January 25, 2016). "The Unstoppable Rise of Reggaeton". Fusion. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  41. ↑ Cobo, Leila (August 15, 2009). "Tropical Paradise". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 121 (32): 31. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  42. ↑ Henderson, Alex. "Me Cambiaste la Vida - Rogelio Martinez". AllMusic. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  43. ↑ Cobo, Leila (September 10, 2014). "Latin Noise: We Want Our Ballads". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
  44. ↑ Melendez, Angel (April 25, 2017). "Why Are Spanish Songs More Popular on YouTube? Billboard's Leila Cobo Knows". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Trap's Latin American Takeover". The Fader. Retrieved December 29, 2017.

Further reading

  • Stavans, Ilan (2014). Latin music: musicians, genres, and themes. Santa Barbara, California:: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313343964.
  • Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin Beat. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81018-2.
  • "1992 International Buyer's Guide to Latin Music". Billboard. Nielsen N.V. 1992. ISSN 1074-746X.
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