LGBT culture in Hong Kong

Despite the history of colonization and the resulting process of Westernization since 1842, Hong Kong still embodies many aspects of Chinese traditional values towards sexuality.[1] It is traditionally believed that heterosexuality is the nature, coherent and privileged sexuality.[2] Popular media marginalizes and discriminates against LGBT members of Hong Kong in an attempt to maintain their traditions.[1]

In 1991, the government of Hong Kong legalized male-male same sex relations. Since then LGBT activism has increased, asking for legal protections.[3] A wave of political activism began in the 2000s.[4]

In 2005, the government of Hong Kong conducted a telephone survey with over 2,000 persons responding. Of them, 39% indicated that homosexuality "contradicts the morals of the community."[5] 42% of those surveyed in 2005 stated that homosexuals were not "psychologically normal".[6]

A 2012 survey by Community Business had 1,002 respondents chosen at random and 626 persons who identified as LGBT. Of the respondents chosen randomly, 50% stated that they accepted LGBT individuals while 25% stated they did not; 3% stated that they believed LGBT individuals were not "psychologically normal". Of the LGBT employees, 53% stated that they had to "pretend to be someone they are not" and therefore felt exhaustion, while 26% stated that the work environment did not accept them, so they at times had to stay home at work.[6]

According to a survey titled 'The Hong Kong LGBT Climate', conducted by The University of Hong Kong, 25.6% of the respondents stated that they believe LGBT persons are the way they are due to their upbringing and socialization, while 24.2% of the respondents believe they are 'born that way', and 14.3% believe it is caused by both factors. While nearly half of the respondents personally know a person from the LGBT community, most of the respondents also state they 'would not mind' and 'would not have special feeling' towards LGBT individuals. Most respondents are aware of the discrimination and humiliation which LGBT individuals face in their daily lives; 85% of the respondents support the idea of promoting inclusiveness of the LGBT community. The survey also includes the experiences of Hong Kong LGBT individuals and it is noted that most of them have not fully 'come out' to their family, mostly due to the fear of being disapproved, shamed and rejected by family members.[7] For the same reason, LGBT individuals tend to seek help and support from various social media platforms instead of family members.[8]

By 2012 many individuals who originated from Mainland China became a part of Hong Kong's LGBT culture. LGBT marches are legal in Hong Kong, while they are not permitted in many areas in the Mainland. Joanna Chiu and Christy Choi of the South China Morning Post stated that in Hong Kong lesbians stated that conservative lawmakers and Christian groups in Hong Kong make lesbianism less accepted in Hong Kong compared to Mainland China, but that Hong Kong lesbians are better able to resist pressures to marry other men.[9]

Economy

Housing

In Hong Kong, high real estate density is used as a government regulation strategy of land prices.[10] This high land price policy contributes to a limited choice in living environment, and therefore a bigger need to live with other people, often with the immediate family.[10] The family space is regarded as a contentious site for coming out for LGBT Hong Kongers.[10] Living in confined space with the family makes it more difficult for many transgender Hong Kongers to embrace their gender expression without the risk of being exposed and encountering family violence.[10]

The family unit in Hong Kong is often reconfigured to include anyone able to contribute economically to the unit in response to the lack of welfare benefits.[10] For LGBT Hong Kongers, these family values makes achieving financial stability into a way to become accepted into the family despite their queer identity.[10] This notion also reveals a larger expectation for LGBT Hong Kongers to embrace self-reliance and individualism in order to survive materially in a society where housing depends on intimate family relations.[10] Heterosexual marriage also becomes a way for LGBT to pursue housing outside of the family unit because of the prioritization of married couples under the Home Ownership Scheme.[10] However, often the idea of moving away from the family can be considered under filial piety as breaking up the family, impacting many LGBT Hong Kongers' decision to continue to live with their family, despite the depression, confusion, and isolation from queer relationships it may result in.[10]

Workplace

LGBT people would come across discrimination during the interview and workplace. During interview, LGBT people would be discriminated by their appearance. One example is that a employer raised a question related to interviewee's sex orientation, the employee admitted she is a lesbian and she was not hired at last. The reason of unemployment is that the employer treat her sex orientation as a "trouble" and "abnormal". Besides, transgender people would come across a lot of obstacles during interview. For example, the employer would be awkward when they see that the appearance of transgender person is different with the sex shown on their ID card. Even the transgender person is capable to deal with that job, they would not be hired because of their ambiguous sex. Not only during the interview but also in the workplace, the discrimination occur and LGBT people never get a equal treatment. A lesbian who dressed like a man was hired by a company, but she was required to wear dress. She has no bargaining power and she will be dismissed if she reject to wear dress. LGBT people are always treated with unfriendly and impolite treatment and they have less agency in workplace.[11]

Proposed by Community Business, the Hong Kong LGBT+ Inclusion Index is launched on the LGBT+ workplace inclusion and initiatives in Asia.[12] This is an index which provides a credible and robust tool to assess and promote those companies which has contributed to the LGBT+ inclusion in Hong Kong. Community Business has provided a guide for employer who has already signed up to the index to create inclusive workplaces for LGBT employees in Hong Kong. In the 2019 index, they have published some categories for employers such as equal opportunity policies, diversity structure and corporate culture. The performance of companies which have signed up will be assessed by at least two senior members of the Community Business Team. The index would be a great encouragement for company to fulfill their corporate social responsibility. It will benefit both LGBT minorities having more work opportunities and company doing propaganda for free. In the 2017 report of the index, most of the highest-scoring employers are multinational financial companies or banks while there are only few local companies.[13] Only one local company, Aids Concern, as a local non-governmental organization, was honored for 2017 LGBT+ Community Impact Award. Most awards are dominant by the international companies.

Business

There are visible and invisible pink businesses in Hong Kong.[14]

The visible ones are located mainly in Central, conspicuously in Lan Kwai Fong and SoHo area, as well as Wanchai. Locating in such bustling commercial areas, a "niche enclave" (Yue and Leung, 2017) is formed within the mainstream consumption area.[14] The invisible ones are located in anonymous upstairs areas in Causeway Bay, Mongkok and Tsim Sha Tsui. There are also pop-up stores. They are usually known and operated on insiders' word-of-mouth knowledge.[14]

Lesbian spaces are located mainly in Causeway Bay, Tsim Sha Tsui and Mong Kok. They appear to be safe and comfortable to lesbians with the absence of men, the occurrence of sexual and verbal harassment is therefore reduced.

The invisible pink stores shows queer spaces are still marginalized in the city when facing the sexuality hegemony.[15]

Bars and Cafes

Volume Up, the first LGBT-oriented record label in Hong Kong, was founded by Evan Steer.[16]

Institutions

The Hong Kong Ten Percent Club is an LGBT organisation. It was one of the first ones founded in Hong Kong.[17]

Rainbow of Hong Kong is an LBGT non-profit-making organisation established in 1998 aiming to improve the quality of life of LBGT people by gathering a volunteer team to provide services and organising activities in response to the needs of the LBGT community such as medical services, sex education, domestic counselling and hotline services.[18]

Women Coalition of Hong Kong is an LGBT rights organisation. It was founded around 2002.[5]

Pink Alliance is charitable LBGT organisation promoting the equal rights of LBGT community. Main work of this institution includes carrying out research on history and survey on the LBGT culture and public view towards LBGT, publishing the latest movements and news of equality of LBGT community in both Hong Kong and foreign countries and organising campaigns to support the LBGT community. In 2017, it organised an Asia's Premier LBGT Festival collaborating with other LBGT organisations called 'Pink Season HK' lasted for 5 weeks and held 28 events which gathered 2500 participants. A series of activities and themes included education, music, art, sports and entertainment was held to raise the awareness of the public towards quality of LBGT community and provided an opportunity for the LBGT people to share their stories and support each other. Besides, Pink Alliance organise IDAHOT HK (International Day Against Homophobia & Transphobia) every year collaborating with other LBGT institutions in order to eliminate the discrimination of the public towards LBGT community, build a objective understanding and raise the awareness to support LBGT groups and call for legislation of discrimination towards LBGT groups. During the day, LBGT celebrities and LBGT victims suffered from bullying will share their stories and views on their sexual orientation and support other LBGT participants.[19]

Education

The Hong Kong Government has not implemented any compulsory education syllabus on sexual orientation and LGBT issues. According to the Guidelines on Sex Education in Schools which was published in 1997 and revised in 2004, schools are advised to educate students on different sexualities, homophobia and the normativity of marriage. The decision to introduce these materials, however, is entirely up to the individual school and there are no official restrictions on the materials being used.[20]

Under the International Technical Guidance, Hong Kong carry out the framework of sexuality education for 5-year-old children to students aged 18 or above to promote sexuality education in the curriculum levels. The sexuality education in schools of Hong Kong started from 1971 and kept revising and widening the content inclusive from not only scientific facts and skills on reproduction and marriage and family, but also added the contents of sexuality and gender education. The key concepts of sexuality education in 1997 included 5 aspects: human development, health and behaviour, interpersonal relationships, marriage and family ad society and culture. After amended in 2008, the framework also included the part of teaching students to keep an open and caring stance to understand and accept people having different sexuality orientation(LBGT) and learn to think critically towards the view of the mass media on LBGT community and analyse 'sex' or 'gender' related topics rationally and objectively. Moreover, many LBGT relevant topics are covered under the curriculum of many subjects from primary studies to tertiary studies. For example, in the General Studies of Primary Four to Six syllabus, the framework inculcates a sense of building neutral values and attitudes towards individuals having difference in their growth and development in building their sexual orientation during puberty. In tertiary education, some universities in Hong Kong provides courses on sexuality and gender in the general education curriculum. For example, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the City University of Hong Kong open elective courses related to sexuality and gender education and some sociology, anthropology and cultural major studies will also provide a neutral view and understanding on sexual orientation and allows students to build an open attitude to accept and call for equality for the LGBT community.[21]

Apart from the curriculum, LGBT students are discriminated in their school life. According to a survey done by the Hong Kong SAR Government, LGBT students received the highest rate of discrimination in secondary schools with 41% out of 3040 respondents indicating that LGBT are "psychologically abnormal".[22] LGBT students pointed out that teachers tend to negatively describe the LGBT issues during the lesson and they would not protect LGBT students who are discriminated by other students. Even some teachers would use the term "abnormal" or "disgusting" to describe the behavior of LGBT people. In addition, the religious background is another crucial factor causing LGBT student being prejudiced. Many local secondary school have religious background such as Christianity and Catholicism, in which LGBT culture are prohibited by the school. Some teachers would treat LGBT as a kind of illness or sin that students who are LGBT should be rectified. Thus, students are suffer from the discrimination from the teachers and religious background at school.[23]

The University of Hong Kong has a Queer Straight Alliance.[24]

Recreation

Waiwai Yeo of the WCHK stated that around 2002 the LGBT community did not feel comfortable enough to hold a gay pride parade.[5] The Hong Kong Pride Parade was first held in 2008.[24] Waiwai Yeo stated that 1,000 people participated in the first parade and that it increased to 2,500 in 2011. The Wall Street Journal wrote that this is "a far cry from the millions who flock to the annual pride parades in Brazil and elsewhere."[5] In 2017 10,000 people attended the pride parade.[25]

Pink Dot, another pride event, attracted around 15,000 in 2015.[26]

Les Pêches The Lounge establishes parties for women who are lesbian and bisexual.[24]

The Hong Kong Tourism Board started "Pink Season" to attract LGBT tourism. Dr. Lucetta Kam Yip-lo (金曄路; 金晔路; gam1 jip6 lou6; Jīn Yèlù[27]), who wrote Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China, stated that "LGBT bars or events such as the pride march are a big tourist attraction for lesbians."[9]

The Hong Kong Lesbian & Gay Film Festival is also held.[28] Representations of LGBT Hong Kongers are distorted in music, film, and television to perpetuate social discrimination.[1] It was first established in 1989 and has been held annually. Because of its controversial nature, it had received little government fund but HKLGFF has taken its position in the commercial market and has gained monetary success.[29] It is an society promoting LGBT culture, calling for equality of LGBT community and eliminating the discrimination of LGBT community through cinematic art. In the programme, different LGBT films all over the world will be selected and shown in the cinemas. In the film festival in 2017, the opening film is 120 Beats Per Minute and Kiss Me!(Embrasse-moi!) and the closing film is The Feels and Freak Show.[30]

Queer artists like Leslie Cheung Kwok-wing are repeatedly attacked by the media, even though their fame has set the precedent for supposedly straight Canto-pop actors and singers Aaron Kwok and Andy Lau, who embrace queer performances like cross-dressing.[1]

In 2022 Hong Kong will host the Gay Games XI.[31] Carrie Lam stated that she "noted" the news and did not announce congratulations, citing her religion.[32]

Walk In Hong Kong, a popular city walking tour company, has organised a 'LGBT in the City' tour, which introduces tour members to Hong Kong LGBT history, iconic movie filming spots, gay bars, sex toy shops and other notable landmarks.

Television and films

Predominately in the 1990s, there are a handful of mainstream films which challenge the heteronormativity within Hong Kong cinematic productions, and include queer undertones or plot lines within the films. A few well-known examples include Swordsman II, Swordsman III, A Queer Story, Happy Together , He's a Woman, She's a Man and Permanent Residence. Though usually not explicit, critics consider these films unconventional sexuality-wise for the ambiguity. However, films with queerness as the plot centre has been criticized to be simply 'queerscapes' and speculations of all the sexual minorities under the same umbrella term, where people are defined queer as long as they deviate from the gender or sexuality norm.[33]

Television Broadcasts Limited, or TVB for short, is the first and most popular wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong and having the most viewed TV channels, it has produced a few dozens of television series with LGBT characters. According to a content analysis report conducted by Nu Tong Xue She (NTXS), which is also a LGBT awareness organisation, there were 67 television series with LGBT characters over the period of 1976 to 2012, but 70% advocate homophobia using plotlines and 22 of which portray LGBT characters as murderers. For example, LGBT characters are often depicted as mentally-ill, aggressive and predatory. Overall, there are a few series which portray LGBT characters positively, but they are often side characters and their stories are not thoroughly explored. Issues such as homophobia and discrimination is often the center of discussion when it comes to queer characters.[34] In the television series A General, a Scholar and a Eunuch released in 2017, homoerotic themes are also used as comic relief only.

A notable television series with LGBT characters, Margaret & David - Green Bean, is released in 2016 and produced by Hong Kong Television Entertainment Company Limited and prodcased on ViuTV. It features a suspectedly bisexual character who is in love with his friend and business partner, but there had not been any explicitly queer plot lines in the series.

Society also sparked debate regarding homosexual content in children’s film with the release of ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (2017 film). The film includes a scene which two male characters, Lefou and Gaston, dance together in the final ball before it ends. As the director openly address the gay tribute in the film,[35] the debate of appropriacy of homosexual content in children’s film sparked off in places including Russia, Malaysia and of course Hong Kong. The president of International Christian Quality Music Secondary and Primary School Chan Wing Sun suggested parents to not bring children into cinema for the film due to its gay reference. In response to the controversy, the director of True Light Organization Choi Chi Sum shows support to the film by suggesting parents to bring their children into the theatre and discuss with children on controversial points.[36]

Mass Media

Mass media in Hong Kong took stance on LGBT related issues. Societal stereotypes of LGBT were made.

The death of Leslie Cheung, a renowned queer celebrity in Hong Kong, in 2003 demonstrated the stances of different mass media in Hong Kong towards LGBT. Cheung claimed himself having a bisexual mind and publicly admitted his homosexualiy.[37] As written in his suicide note, he suicided due to depression.[37] However, the mass media linked his death and depression to his sexual orientation. Newspaper and magazines specifically issued columns on curing depression, preventing suicides and "correction" on sexual disorientation,[37] which represented that homosexuality was deemed as incorrect by the public. Some people even declared that homosexuality was an infectious disease, a virus like SARS, infecting people with "dangerous ideologies" and "disordered life".[37] Cheung's suicide was portrayed as a violent act of homosexuality.[37] Stereotypes and discrimination to LGBT were obviously shown in media coverage in 2003 in Hong Kong.

In 2012, Denise Ho, a renowned singer in Hong Kong, came out in the fourth annual Hong Kong Pride Parade. No more special columns on correction on sexual disorientation were released on the newspaper after the incidence.

News and stories concerning LGBT reported in gossip magazines are sometimes stereotypical while they "normalize" gay/lesbian relationships at times.[38] Gossip magazines report gossips of the people working in the media industry; they are widely circulated in locales like hair salons, clinics and offices. Gossip magazines in Hong Kong have been reporting "secret" gay/lesbian relationships that their reporters uncovered. It indirectly coerces the celebrities who have not come out prior to their appearance in the reports involved to clarify their sexual orientation and personal relationships in the public.[38] The magazines have also linked gay/lesbian relationships with the social and financial statuses of the celebrities involved. With reference to the relationship of So Sze Wang and Gam Yin Leung, a lesbian celebrity couple in Hong Kong, magazine reports tended to focus on the wealthiness of the butch role in a lesbian relationship.[38] Lesbians and bisexual women are negatively portrayed in the mass media. "Gossip magazine reports can be seen as subversive cultural interventions on the part of queer people working in the media industry." (Tang, 2012)[38]

Social Media

The increasing and expanding usage of the Internet has aided LGBT individuals in Hong Kong to engage in interactions and discussions on social media platforms, giving the stigmatised groups a free space to express self-identities. Online communities are shown to play a great part in forming self-confidence and self-acceptance through others' assistance. The internet also serve as a mean to give community support, facilitate wider debates on various topics, and explore sexual and gender identities. Through joining online communities, LGBT members can find methods to cope with outer stigmatisation, discrimination, and lack of emotional support. At the same time, they are able to find the sense of belonging. All these factors constitute social media being an important social capital of LGBT individuals in order to achieve physical and mental well-being, and a mean to cope with societal discrimination and shame.[39] Since the wide-spreading usage of the Internet, a handful of websites for male seeking sexual relations with other males had been set up, including www.gaystation.com.hk, www.radiorepublic.com, which are both deactivated and www.gayhk.com, which is still active.[40]

Phone applications such as "Grindr" and "Jack'd" are also prominent within gay males, who often make use of such applications to find sex partners.[41] They are the two most downloaded applications for gay males in Hong Kong.[42]

On the other hand, social media also plays a part in organizing social movements and promoting LGBT rights through online platforms. GdotTV, founded in 2008, is the first Chinese LGBT online television station. It has successfully invoked discussions regarding media inclusion and viability of individuals with different sexual orientations, and how to involve them in mainstream media.[43] By producing short films and shows that focus on the life and experience of the LGBT community in Hong Kong, it helps raise awareness of homophobia and discrimination within the wider society.[43] One of the most well-known media projects produced and streamed on GdotTV is the I Am Who I Am Project. By regularly posting videos on different platforms, it aims at raising awareness of the bullying of LGBT students in the school environment, and to spread positive messages to the victims and help them embrace their identities.[44]

Queer Pop Culture

Hong Kong has a queer pop culture for appreciating gay romance, and generally known as ‘Yaoi’. Hong Kong usually adopts its English translation and initialize the phase "boy love" as ‘bl’. Hong Kong also invent specific phrase in referencing to love between two males in 2013. The phrase ‘hehe’ has been used on the online forum HKGolden literally meaning two ‘he’s being together. It later also further develops into ‘sheshe’ for lesbians. The discussion and fantasization of homosexuality has entered popular culture in Hong Kong since then.

Although the queer pop culture might not necessarily be equal to supporting gay equality, Hong Kong records certain cases of the queer pop culture connecting with the LGBT movement. During the 2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Revolution, two student leaders Alex Chow Yong-kang and Lester Shum were made ‘couple’ on several social medias.[45] Fandom appear in appreciating the intimacy of the two leaders, naming them ‘Alexter’ which consists of their names. Facebook community called ‘Lester Alex He He Group’[46] also gain 30362 followers sharing photos and animation of the two together. This boys’ love community to a point line up with the LGBT movement by joining the 2014 Hong Kong Gay Pride. The rise of this kind of queer pop culture to a certain extent show a rise in public acceptance in homosexuality. According to Jamie J. Zhao, ‘queer pop culture and fandom, facilitated by the wide use of the Internet and digital media, and these relatively improved socio-cultural situations for the survival of LGBTQ people’.[47] In the case of Hong Kong, the ‘hehe’ fandom sometimes provide popular and cultural ways to promote homosexual equality to the public, making a connection between pop culture and social-political impact.

Entertainment Industry

Several Hong Kong stars or singers ‘came out’ publicly in supporting the LGBT movement, sparking discussion on homosexuality among stardoms. In 2012, a Hong Kong singer HOCC ‘came out’ in the Gay Pride Parade, causing changes in her fandom. According to Maud Lavin, ‘the tension between queer and normal has shifted from the heteronormative negotiation of a “proper” female gender and accorded sexuality to the negotiation of a “proper” lesbian embodiment within her fandom’.[48] Her coming-out marks a great step in influencing fandom or even public direction of discussing on homosexual celebrities. HOCC also remarked that ‘the public has been really positive about what [she] have done.[49]’. The label of being homosexual is brought into public’s interpretation of her music, making homosexuality a topic for casual discussion.

The number of works in relation to LGBT in the music industry also increased with the promotion of lyric-writers. Some famous lyric-writers have been creating songs about homosexuality and use them as media to link homosexuality to the public. For example, Wyman Wong created songs ranging from ‘Rosemary’ to ‘Illuminati’ hinting the transient beauty of love between same gender.[50] In his songs he challenges the binary concept of gender and records the sufferings of LGBT community,[51] making the public recognize problems faced by the community more easily.

Literature

Hong Kong Poet Nicholas Wong in 2016 won the American LGBT Literary Award, Lambda Literary Award, with his poetry Crevasse.[52] He is the first in Hong Kong winning this award. He is named ‘Gay Poet’ after his show up in the award. In his interview, he emphasizes his works are based on view of the queers.[53]

Female domestic workers

Lesbianism among Filipina and Indonesian domestic workers in Hong Kong is obvious in the city. According to the statics provided by the Immigration Department, there were in total 346 078 female domestic helpers working in Hong Kong in 2016, 184 762 of them were from Philippines while 153 823 of them were from Indonesia.[54]

Notable residents

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Yau, Ching (2010). As Normal As Possible. HKU: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 133–149.
  2. ↑ Kong, Travis SK (November 26, 2012). "A fading Tongzhi heterotopia: Hong Kong older gay men's use of spaces". Sexualities. 15 (8): 896–916. doi:10.1177/1363460712459308 – via SAGE.
  3. ↑ Wehbi, Samantha. Community Organizing Against Homophobia and Heterosexism: The World Through Rainbow-Colored Glasses. Routledge, 13 September 2013. ISBN 1317992490, 9781317992493. p. 66.
  4. ↑ Tang, Denise, p. 90-91.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Chen, Te-Ping. "Pop Star’s Stadium-Style Coming Out." The Wall Street Journal. 25 April 2012. Retrieved on 27 September 2014.
  6. 1 2 Steger, Isabella. "How Gay-Friendly is Hong Kong? It Depends." The Wall Street Journal. 18 May 2012. Retrieved on 27 May 2014.
  7. ↑ Robert Ting-Yiu CHUNG, Karie Ka-Lai PANG, Winnie Wing-Yi LEE and Joyce Wai-Man CHAN (2012). "The Hong Kong LGBT Climate Study 2011-12" (PDF). HKU Pop Site. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Chong, E. S., Zhang, Y., Mak, W. W., & Pang, I. H. (2015). "Social Media as Social Capital of LGB Individuals in Hong Kong: Its Relations with Group Membership, Stigma, and Mental Well-Being". American Journal of Community Psychology. 55 (1–2): 228–238.
  9. 1 2 Chiu, Joanna and Christy Choi. "Lesbians from mainland China revel in Hong Kong's freedom." South China Morning Post. Sunday, 11 November 2012. Updated Saturday, 17 November 2012. Print: "More mainlanders join gay pride on parade" Retrieved on 27 September 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tang, Denise (2011). Conditional Spaces. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  11. ↑ "Feasibility Study on Legislating against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status 有關立法禁止性傾向、性別認同 及雙性人身份歧視的研究報告" (PDF). Equal Opportunities Commission. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  12. ↑ Community Business. "2019 Hong Kong LGBT+ Inclusion Index".
  13. ↑ Community Business (June 2017). "2017 HONG KONG Community Business LGBT+ Inclusion Index Report" (PDF).
  14. 1 2 3 Yue, Audrey; Leung, Helen Hok-Sze (September 16, 2015). "Notes towards the queer Asian city: Singapore and Hong Kong". Urban Studies. 54 (3): 747–764. doi:10.1177/0042098015602996 – via SAGE.
  15. ↑ Yau, Ching (2010). "A Lesbian Haven or Everyday Life?". In Tang, Denise Tse Shang. As Normal As Possible. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 51–72. JSTOR j.ctt1xwgvm.8.
  16. ↑ "Editors of Time Out." Time Out Hong Kong. Time Out, 8 November 2011. ISBN 1846701147, 9781846701146. p. 235.
  17. ↑ Tang, Denise, p. 90.
  18. ↑ Rainbow of Hong Kong http://www.rainbowhk.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ Pink Alliance https://pinkalliance.hk. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ "Guidelines on Sex Education in Schools 學校性教育指引" (PDF). Education Bureau. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  21. ↑ "Sexuality Education" (PDF). Research Office of Legislative Council Secretariat.
  22. ↑ Kwok, Diana K.; Winter, Sam; Yuen, Mantak (September 13, 2012). "Heterosexism in school: the counselling experience of Chinese tongzhi students in Hong Kong". British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 40 (5): 561–575. doi:10.1080/03069885.2012.718735.
  23. ↑ "Feasibility Study on Legislating against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status 有關立法禁止性傾向、性別認同 及雙性人身份歧視的研究報告" (PDF). Equal Opportunities Commission. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 Lai, Jennifer. "Is it OK to be gay in Hong Kong? Archived 2014-09-27 at WebCite" (Archive). CNN. 18 August 2010. Retrieved on 27 August 2014.
  25. ↑ "'Upset with Lam's lukewarm response': 10,000 attend Pride Parade amid calls for Hong Kong laws to protect LGBT rights". South China Morning Post. 2017-11-25.
  26. ↑ Grundy, Tom (20 September 2015). "Sea of Pink: Over 15,000 attend gay equality rally as Hong Kong lags years behind on LGBTQ rights". Hong Kong Free Press.
  27. ↑ "Dr. KAM Yip Lo, Lucetta | 金曄路博士." Hong Kong Baptist University. Retrieved on 26 September 2014.
  28. ↑ "Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 2014." Time Out Hong Kong. Retrieved on October 4, 2014.
  29. ↑ Richards, Stuard (2016). The Queer Film Festival: Popcorn and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-1-137-58438-0.
  30. ↑ Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival http://www.hklgff.hk. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ Grundy, Tom (2017-10-31). "Video: Hong Kong wins bid to host 2022 Gay Games". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  32. ↑ Grundy, Tom (2017-11-01). "Gay Games 2022: Carrie Lam and gov't offer lukewarm response to Hong Kong group's successful bid". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  33. ↑ Leung, Helen Hok-sze (2001). "Queerscapes in Contemporary Hong Kong Cinema". positions: east asia cultures critique. 9 (2): 423–447 – via Project MUSE.
  34. ↑ Nu Tong Xue She (2012). "TVB同志劇集7成涉恐同！3成涉兇殺！ 最「恐同」及最「同志友善」劇集選舉". Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  35. ↑ "'Beauty and the Beast' features 'gay moment,' director reveals". Fox News. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  36. ↑ "「神不喜悅同性戀」 基督教校籲勿看《美女與野獸》 - 20170317 - 港聞 - 港聞二". 明報新聞網 - 每日明報 daily news (in Chinese). Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Yau, Ching (2010). "Queering Body and Sexuality: Leslie Cheung's Gender Representation in Hong Kong Popular Culture". In Chan, Natalia Sui-hung. As Normal As Possible. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 133–150. ISBN 978-988-220-572-7. Missing |last1= in Editors list (help)
  38. 1 2 3 4 Tang, Denise Tse-Shang (2012). "An Unruly Death: Queer Media in Hong Kong". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. Duke University Press. 18 (4): 597–614 – via Project MUSE.
  39. ↑ Chong, Zhang, Mak and Pang (2015). "Social Media as Social Capital of LGB Individuals in Hong Kong: Its Relations with Group Membership, Stigma, and Mental Well‐Being" (PDF). American journal of community psychology. 55: 228–238.
  40. ↑ Kong, Travis Shiu-ki (2004). "Queer at Your Own Risk: Marginality, Community and Hong Kong Gay Male Bodies". Sexualities. 7 (1): 5–30 – via SAGE.
  41. ↑ Yeo, T. E. D., & Ng, Y. L. (2016). "Sexual risk behaviors among apps-using young men who have sex with men in Hong Kong". AIDS care. 28 (3): 314–318.
  42. ↑ Tien Ee Dominic Yeo & Yu Leung Ng (2016). "Sexual risk behaviors among apps-using young men who have sex with men in Hong Kong". AIDS Care. 28 (3): 314–318 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  43. 1 2 Tang, D. T. S (2012). "An Unruly Death: Queer Media in Hong Kong". A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 18 (4): 597–614.
  44. ↑ "I AM WHO I AM PROJECT". Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  45. ↑ "Alexter: Boys' Love Meets Hong Kong Activism". F Newsmagazine. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  46. ↑ "捍衛lester alex佔領巫山HeHe團". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  47. ↑ "Boys' Love, Cosplay and Chinese Fandom: An Interview". Henry Jenkins. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  48. ↑ Lavin, Maud (2017). "Boys' Love, Cosplay, and Androgynous Idols: Queer Fan Cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan" (PDF). Boys’ Love, Cosplay, and Androgynous Idols.
  49. ↑ "Life as a rainbow: Canto-pop singer Denise Ho on coming out". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  50. ↑ "黃偉文筆下的同性戀(上)--黃偉文與何韻詩：同志歌曲最佳拍檔". cantonpopblog.blogspot.hk. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  51. ↑ "Feature". www.ln.edu.hk. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  52. ↑ "黃裕邦入圍美國LGBTQ文學獎　首名港產詩人獲肯定 | 立場報道 | 立場新聞". 立場新聞 Stand News. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  53. ↑ Huang, Abby (2017-09-15). "【專訪】一個香港同志詩人的自白：煩悶、無結果，但我沉溺其中 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網". The News Lens 關鍵評論網 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  54. ↑ "Foreign domestic helpers by nationality and sex". Census and Statistics Department - Labour Force Characteristics.
  55. 1 2 3 Cheng, Jennifer. "Hong Kong's LGBT community seeks ban on discrimination." South China Morning Post. Thursday, 15 November 2012. Updated: Saturday, 17 November 2012. Print title: "Reaching out for tolerance". Retrieved on 27 September 2014.
  56. ↑ Chan, Wilfred. "Tycoon's lesbian daughter Gigi Chao shakes up conservative Hong Kong Archived 2014-09-27 at WebCite" (Archive). CNN. 11 February 2014. Retrieved on 27 September 2014.
  57. ↑ Evans, Annemarie (13 October 2013). "Joanne Leung raises transgender awareness". South China Morning Post. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

References

  • Tang, Denise She-Tsang (邓芝珊; 鄧芝珊; dang6 zi1 saan1; Dèng Zhīshān). Conditional Spaces: Hong Kong Lesbian Desires and Everyday Life (Volume 1 of Queer Asia). Hong Kong University Press, 1 May 2011. ISBN 9888083015, 978-9888083015.
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