Knowledge sharing

Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, families, communities (for example, Wikipedia), or organizations.[1][2][3]

Organizations have recognized that knowledge constitutes a valuable intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive advantages.[4] Knowledge sharing activities are generally supported by knowledge management systems.[5] However, technology constitutes only one of the many factors that affect the sharing of knowledge in organizations, such as organizational culture, trust, and incentives.[6] The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization.[7]

In the digital world, websites and applications enable knowledge or talent sharing between individuals and/or within teams. The individuals can easily reach the people who want to learn, share their talent and get rewarded.

Flow or transfer

Although knowledge is commonly treated as an object, Dave Snowden has argued it is more appropriate to teach it as both a flow and a thing.[8] Knowledge as a flow can be related to the concept of tacit knowledge,[9][10][11] While the difficulty of sharing knowledge is in transferring knowledge from one entity to another,[12][13] it may prove profitable for organizations to acknowledge the difficulties of knowledge transfer, adopting new knowledge management strategies accordingly.[8]

Explicit knowledge

Explicit knowledge sharing occurs when explicit knowledge is made available to be shared between entities. Explicit knowledge sharing can happen successfully when the following criteria are met:

  • Articulation: the knowledge provider can describe the information.[1]
  • Awareness: the recipient must be aware that knowledge is available.[1]
  • Access: the knowledge recipient can access the knowledge provider.[1]
  • Guidance: the body of knowledge must be defined and differentiated into different topics or domains so as to avoid information overload, and to provide easy access to appropriate material. Knowledge managers are often considered key figures in the creation of an effective knowledge sharing system.[1][14]
  • Completeness: the holistic approach to knowledge sharing in the form of both centrally managed and self-published knowledge.

Tacit knowledge

Tacit knowledge sharing occurs through different types of socialization. Although tacit knowledge is difficult to identify and codify, relevant factors that influence tacit knowledge sharing include:

  • Informal networks such as daily interactions between people within a defined environment (work, school, home, etc.). These networks span hierarchies and functions.[14]
  • The provision of space where people can engage in unstructured or unmonitored discussions, thereby fostering informal networks.[14]
  • Unstructured, less-structured or experimental work practices that encourage creative problem solving, and the development of social networks.[14]

Embedded knowledge

Embedded knowledge sharing occurs when knowledge is shared through clearly delineated products, processes, routines, etc. This knowledge can be shared in different ways, such as:

  • Scenario planning and debriefing: providing a structured space to create possible scenarios, followed by a discussion of what happened, and how it could have been different.[15]
  • Management training.
  • Knowledge transfer: deliberately integrating systems, processes, routines, etc., to combine and share relevant knowledge.

Importance to organizations

Knowledge constitutes a valuable, intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive advantages within organizations.[4] Several factors affect knowledge sharing in organizations, such as organizational culture, trust, incentives, and technology.[16] Knowledge sharing activities are commonly supported by knowledge management systems, a form of information technology (IT) that facilitates and organizes information within a company or organization.[17]

Challenges

Knowledge sharing can sometimes constitute a major challenge in the field of knowledge management.[10] The difficulty of knowledge sharing resides in the transference of knowledge from one entity to another.[13][18] Some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge[10] because of the notion that knowledge is property; ownership, therefore, becomes very important.[19] In order to counteract this, individuals must be reassured that they will receive some type of incentive for what they create.[19] However, Dalkir (2005) demonstrated that individuals are most commonly rewarded for what they know, not what they share.[19] Negative consequences, such as isolation and resistance to ideas, occur when knowledge sharing is impeded.[17] To promote knowledge sharing and remove knowledge sharing obstacles, the organizational culture of an entity should encourage discovery and innovation.[19]

Connection to information technology systems

Information technology (IT) systems are common tools that help facilitate knowledge sharing and knowledge management.[17] The main role of IT systems is to help people share knowledge through common platforms and electronic storage to help make access simpler, encouraging economic reuse of knowledge. IT systems can provide codification, personalization, electronic repositories for information and can help people locate each other to communicate directly. With appropriate training and education, IT systems can make it easier for organizations to acquire, store or disseminate knowledge.[17]

Economic theory

In economic theory, knowledge sharing has been studied in the field of industrial organization and in the field of contract theory. In industrial organization, Bhattacharya, Glazer, and Sappington (1992) have emphasized the importance of knowledge sharing in research joint ventures in a context of imperfect competition.[20] In the theory of incomplete contracts, Rosenkranz and Schmitz (1999, 2003) have used the Grossman-Hart-Moore property rights approach to study how knowledge sharing is affected by the underlying ownership structure.[21] [22]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bukowitz, Wendi R.; Williams, Ruth L. (1999). The Knowledge Management Fieldbook. FT Press. ISBN 978-0273638827.
  2. ↑ Serban, Andreea M.; Luan, Jing (2002). "An Overview of Knowledge Management" (PDF). University of Kentucky. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  3. ↑ Hasmath, Reza; Hsu, Jennifer Y. J. (2016). "Communities of Practice and the NGO Sector in China". International Society for Third Sector Research Conference (Stockholm, Sweden), June 28-July 1: 1. SSRN 2612686.
  4. 1 2 Miller, D.; Shamsie, J. (1996). "The resource-based view of the firm in two environments: The Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965". Academy of Management Journal. 39 (5): 519–543. doi:10.2307/256654. JSTOR 256654.
  5. ↑ "Bloomfire". CrunchBase. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Cabrera, A.; Cabrera, E. F. (2002). "Knowledge-sharing Dilemmas". Organization Studies. 23 (5): 687–710. doi:10.1177/0170840602235001.
  7. ↑ Ciborra, C.U.; Patriota, G. (1998). "Groupware and teamwork in R&D: limits to learning and innovation". R&D Management. 28 (1): 1–10.
  8. 1 2 Snowden, D. (2002). "Complex acts of knowing: paradox and descriptive self-awareness". Journal of Knowledge Management. 6 (2): 100–111. doi:10.1108/13673270210424639.
  9. ↑ Polanyi, M. (2003) [1958]. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. CRC Press. p. 428. ISBN 0-203-44215-6.
  10. 1 2 3 Nonaka, I. (1994). "A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation". Organization Science. 5 (1): 14–37. doi:10.1287/orsc.5.1.14. JSTOR 2635068.
  11. ↑ Nonaka, I. (2009). "Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory" (PDF). Organization Science. 20 (3): 635–652. doi:10.1287/orsc.1080.0412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22.
  12. ↑ Argote, L.; Ingram, P. (2000). "Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 82 (1): 150–169. doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2893.
  13. 1 2 Fan, Y. (1998). "The Transfer of Western Management to China: Context, Content and Constraints". Management Learning. 29 (2): 201–221. doi:10.1177/1350507698292005.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Prusak, Lawrence; Davenport, Thomas H. (2000). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, 2nd Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-57851-301-4.
  15. ↑ Serban, Andreea M.; Luan, Jing (2002). "Corporate Strategy Model: Scenario Planning" (PDF). University of Kentucky. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Cabrera, A.; Cabrera, C. (2002). "Knowledge-sharing Dilemmas". Organization Studies. 23 (5): 687–710. doi:10.1177/0170840602235001.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Gurteen, David (February 1999). "Creating a knowledge sharing culture". Knowledge Management Magazine. 2 (5).
  18. ↑ Argote, L.; Ingram, P. (2000). "Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 82 (1): 150–169. doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2893.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Dalkir, K. (2005). Knowledge Management In Theory And Practice. Oxford: Elsevier Inc: Jordan Hill. pp. 132–133.
  20. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sudipto; Glazer, Jacob; Sappington, David E.M (1992). "Licensing and the sharing of knowledge in research joint ventures". Journal of Economic Theory. 56 (1): 43–69. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(92)90068-s. ISSN 0022-0531.
  21. ↑ Rosenkranz, Stephanie; Schmitz, Patrick W. (1999). "Know-how disclosure and incomplete contracts". Economics Letters. 63 (2): 181–185. doi:10.1016/s0165-1765(99)00038-5. ISSN 0165-1765.
  22. ↑ Rosenkranz, Stephanie; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2003). "Optimal allocation of ownership rights in dynamic R&D alliances". Games and Economic Behavior. 43 (1): 153–173. doi:10.1016/s0899-8256(02)00553-5. ISSN 0899-8256.
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