Kingdom of Whydah

The Kingdom of Whydah /ˈhwɪdə, ˈhwɪdˌɔː/ (Yoruba: Xwéda; French: Ouidah) was a kingdom on the coast of West Africa in the boundaries of the modern nation of Benin. Between 1677 and 1681 it was conquered by the Akwamu, one of the Akan people.[1] It was a major slave trading post. In 1700, it had a coastline of around 16 kilometres (10 mi);[2] under King Haffon, this was expanded to 64 km (40 mi), and stretching 40 km (25 mi) inland.[3]

The Kingdom of Whydah was centered in Savi. The last ruler of Whydah was King Haffon, who was deposed in 1727, when Whydah was conquered (and annexed) by the Kingdom of Dahomey.

Name

The name Whydah (also spelt Hueda, Whidah, Ouidah, Whidaw, and Juda[4]) is an anglicised form of Xwéda (pronounced o-wi-dah), from the Yoruba language of Benin. Today the port city of Ouidah bears the kingdom's name; it is in the far west of the former Popo Kingdom and is where most of the European slave traders lived and worked.

The area gives its name to the native whydah bird, and to pirate captain "Black Sam" Bellamy's Whydah Gally, a slave ship turned pirate ship. Its wreck has been explored in Massachusetts.

Life inside Whydah

Crowning of the King of Whydah, by Jacob van der Schley (1715-1779)

According to one European, who visited in 1692–1700, Whydah exported some thousand slaves a month, mainly taken captive from villages in the interior of Africa. For this reason, it has been considered a "principal market" for human beings. When the king could not supply the European traders with sufficient slaves, he would supplement them with his own wives. Robbery was common. Every thing in Whydah paid a toll to the king, but corruption amongst collectors was endemic. Despite this, the king was wealthy, and clothed in gold and silver—goods of which little was known in Whydah. He commanded great respect, and, unusually, was never seen to eat. The color red was reserved for the royal family. The king was considered immortal, although successive kings were recognized as dying of natural causes. Interregna, even of only a few days,were often occasions of plundering and anarchy by the populace. The patriarchal society isolated women, "protecting" them from the larger society (or other men). Fathers were recorded with more than two hundred children by their numerous wives.

Three public objects were the subject of devotion: some lofty trees, the sea, and a type of snake. This snake was the subject of many stories and incidents; it may have been worshipped perhaps because it ate the rats that would otherwise ruin the harvest.[5] (But studies in comparative religion have noted that snakes are often important religious figures in numerous cultures, including Native American and Southeast Asian.) Priests and priestesses were held in high regard, and immune from capital punishment.

The king could field 200,000 men.[2] In comparison, other estimates range upward from twenty thousand, although contemporary interpretation is generally that these armies were of "overwhelming size". Battles were normally won by strength of numbers alone, with the weaker side fleeing.[6]

European presence

With King Haffon's rise to power in 1708, European trade companies had established a significant presence in Whydah and were in constant competition to win to King’s favor. The French Company of the Indies presented Haffon with two ships worth of cargo and an extravagant Louis XIV-style throne while the British Royal African Company gifted a crown for the newly appointed King. Such practices illustrate the high level of dependence European traders had on native African powers in the beginning of the 18th century and also the close relationship that emerged between the two entities. This association is further reiterated by the fact that Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese trading company compounds all bordered the walls of Haffon’s royal palace in the city of Savi. These compounds served as important centers of diplomatic and commercial exchange between European companies and the Kingdom of Whydah.

While company compounds facilitated the interaction between European traders and native Africans, the true center of European operations in Whydah were the various forts that existed along the coast near the town of Glewe. Owned by the Portuguese Crown, the French Company of the Indies, and the British Royal African Company, the forts were mainly used to store slaves and trading merchandise. Made up of mud walls, the forts provided tolerable protection for the Europeans but were not strong enough to withstand a legitimate attack from the natives. Furthermore, because the forts were located more than three miles inland, cannons could not effectively protect European ships in the harbor and anchored ships could not come to the aid of the forts in times of need. In this sense, while the forts showcased some degree of European influence, the reality was that the Europeans relied heavily on the king for protection and local natives for sustenance and firewood. This relationship would take a drastic turn with the decline of royal authority and increase of internal power struggles throughout the 18th and 19th centuries that gave way to French colonization of the region in 1872. [7]

Takeover by the Dahomey

In 1727, Whydah was conquered by King Agaja of the Kingdom of Dahomey.[5] This incorporation of Whydah into Dahomey transformed the latter into a significant regional power. However, constant warfare with the Oyo Empire from 1728 to 1740 resulted in Dahomey becoming a tributary state of the Oyo.

References

  1. ↑ Almanac of African peoples & nations. By Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan.
  2. 1 2 Catherine Hutton (1821). "Whydah". The tour of Africa: Containing a concise account of all the countries in that quarter of the globe, hitherto visited by Europeans; with the manners and customs of the inhabitants. 2. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  3. ↑ Robert Harms. "The 'Diligent': A Voyage through the Worlds of the Slave Trade". Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  4. ↑ [Negroland and adjacent countries, William Innys, 1747|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2595~280011:A-new-&-accurate-map-of-Negroland-a]
  5. 1 2 "THE SNAKE-GOD OF DAHOMEY". Clarence And Richmond Examiner And New England Advertiser. XXIV, (1887). New South Wales, Australia. 25 September 1883. p. 3. Retrieved 10 May 2017 – via National Library of Australia. , .... Its worship was introduced into Dahomey when the kingdom of Whydah was conquered and annexed....
  6. ↑ Edna G. Bay (1998). Wives of the leopard: gender, politics, and culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1792-4. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  7. ↑ Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade. Basic Books: New York, 2002.
  • Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade. Basic Books: New York, 2002.
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