Kazakh famine of 1932–33
Kazakh famine of 1932–33 | |
---|---|
The cube at the site for future monument for victims of the Soviet famine (1931–1933) in the center of Almaty, Kazakhstan. | |
Country | Kazakhstan |
Location | Nationwide |
Period | 1930-33[1] |
Total deaths | 1.5 to 2.3 million[2] |
Observations | Caused by Sovietization under Filipp Goloshchekin causing Kazakh's to call the famine: "The Goloshchekin genocide" |
Consequences | Kazakhs reduced from 60% to 38% of the republic's population[3][4][5][6] |
Preceded by | Kazakh famine of 1919–1922 |
The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, known in Kazakhstan as the Goloshchekin genocide (Kazakh: Goloshekındik genotsıd),[4] also known as the Kazakh catastrophe,[7] was a man-made famine where 1.5 million (possibly as many as 2.0–2.3 million) people died in Soviet Kazakhstan, of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs; 38% of all Kazakhs died, the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed in the Soviet famines of the early 1930s.[8][2]
It was the most severe of all regions affected by famine, percentage-wise, though more people died in the Ukrainian Holodomor, which began a year later.[9] In addition to the Kazakh famine of 1919–1922, in 10–15 years Kazakhstan lost more than half of its population due to the actions of the Soviet power.[10] [11] Some historians assume that 42% of the entire Kazakh population died in the famine.[12] The two Soviet censuses show that the number of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937.[13]
The famine made Kazakhs a minority in the Kazakh ASSR, and not until the 1990s did Kazakhs become the largest group in Kazakhstan again. Before the famine, around 60% of the republic's population were Kazakhs, but after the famine, only around 38% of the population were Kazakhs.[3][4][5][6]
Documentary film "Great hunger" director Kalila Umarov.
Classification as a genocide
Some historians and scholars consider that this famine amounted to genocide of the Kazakhs.[14]
See also
References
- ↑ "The Kazakh Famine of the 1930s".
- 1 2 Volkava, Elena (2012-03-26). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space". Wilson Center. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
- 1 2 Татимов М. Б. Социальная обусловленность демографических процессов. Алма-Ата,1989. С.124
- 1 2 3 Қазақстан тарихы: Аса маңызды кезеңдері мен ғылыми мәселелері. Жалпы білім беретін мектептің қоғамдык- гуманитарлық бағытындағы 11-сыныбына арналған оқулық / М.Қойгелдиев, Ә.Төлеубаев, Ж.Қасымбаев, т.б. — Алматы: «Мектеп» баспасы, 2007. — 304 бет,суретті. ISBN 9965-36-106-1
- 1 2 http://world.lib.ru/p/professor_l_k/070102_koval_drujba.shtml - "Запомнил и долю казахов в пределах своей республики - 28%. А за тридцать лет до того они составляли у себя дома уверенное большинство"
- 1 2 PIANCIOLA, NICCOLÒ (1 January 2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 25 (3/4): 237–251. doi:10.2307/41036834 (inactive 2018-09-04). JSTOR 41036834.
- ↑ Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine, 1987
- ↑ NICCOLÒ PIANCIOLA (2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 25 (3–4): 237–251. JSTOR 41036834. PMID 20034146.
- ↑ Pannier, Bruce (2007-12-28). "Kazakhstan: The Forgotten Famine". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
- ↑ "Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения".
- ↑ Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Hachette UK. p. 90. ISBN 9780465032976.
- ↑ John Arch Getty, Roberta Thompson Manning, ed. (1993). Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780521446709.
- ↑ European Society for Central Asian Studies (2004). Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig, ed. Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 236. ISBN 9783825883096.
- ↑ Sabol, Steven (2017). "The Touch of Civilization": Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization. University Press of Colorado. p. 47. ISBN 9781607325505.
Further reading
- Conquest, Robert, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine (Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press in Association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986).
- Kindler, Robert, Stalin's Nomads. Power and Famine in Kazakhstan, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2018.
- Ohayon, I. La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l'URSS de Staline, collectivisation et changement social, Paris, maisonneuve et Larose, 2006 (in French)
- Sahni, Kalpana. Crucifying the Orient: Russian orientalism and the colonization of Caucasus and Central Asia. Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1997