Kaliningrad question

Location of Kaliningrad Oblast

The Kaliningrad question is a political question concerning the status of Kaliningrad Oblast as an exclave of Russia,[1] and its isolation from the rest of the Baltic region following the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.[1]

In Western media, the region is most often discussed in relation to the deployment of missile systems, initially as a response to the deployment of missile defense systems in Poland and the Czech Republic.[2] Russia views the region as a vital element of its ability to project power in the Baltic region.[3]

A fringe position also considers the return of the province to Germany from the Russian Federation, or its independence from both. The former question is mostly hypothetical, as the current German government has stated it has no claim to it.[4][5]

History

Refugees from Königsberg fleeing to western Germany before the advancing Red Army in 1945

Kaliningrad, or Königsberg, had been a part of a German state (the Teutonic Order, Kingdom of Prussia, and the unified Germany) for several centuries before the Second World War, and the city was historically a rich German cultural center, being the home of – among others – the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

The annexation of the Königsberg area of East Prussia to Russia became a stated war aim of the Soviet Union at Tehran Conference in December 1943.[6] In 1945, at the end of World War II, the city was captured by the Soviet Union. As agreed by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference, northern Prussia, including Königsberg, was annexed by the USSR, which attached it to the Russian SFSR. In 1946, the city's name was changed to Kaliningrad.

In October 1945, only about 5,000 Soviet civilians lived in the territory.[7] Between October 1947 and October 1948, about 100,000 Germans were forcibly moved to Germany.[8] About 400,000 Soviet civilians arrived by 1948.[7] Some moved voluntarily, but as the number of willing settlers proved insufficient, collective farms were given quotas of how many people they had to send to Kaliningrad.[7] Often they sent the least socially desirable individuals, such as alcoholics and the uneducated.[7]

In the 1950s, Nikita Khrushchev suggested that the Lithuanian SSR should annex Kaliningrad Oblast. The offer was refused by the Lithuanian Communist Party leader Antanas Sniečkus, who did not wish to alter the ethnic composition of his republic.[9] In the late Soviet era, rumors spread that the Oblast might be converted into a homeland for Soviet Germans.[10]

Kaliningrad Oblast remained part of the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991, and since then has been an exclave of the Russian Federation. After the Soviet collapse, some descendants of the expellees and refugees traveled to the city to examine their roots.[11] According to the 2010 Russian Census, 7,349 ethnic Germans live in the Oblast, making up 0.8% of the population.[12]

In Germany, the status of Kaliningrad and the rights of expellees was a mainstream political issue until the 1960s, when the shifting political discourse increasingly associated similar views with right-wing revisionism.[8]

According to a Der Spiegel article published in 2010, in 1990 the West German government received a message from the Soviet general Geli Batenin, offering to return Kaliningrad.[13] The offer was never seriously considered by the Bonn government, who saw reunification with the East as its priority.[13]

In 2001, the EU was alleged to be in talks with Russia to arrange an association agreement with the Kaliningrad Oblast, at a time when Russia could not repay £22 billion debt owed to Berlin, which may have given Germany some influence over the territory.[11] Claims of "buying back" Kaliningrad or other "secret deals" were repudiated by both sides.[14]

Another rumor about a debt-related deal, published by the Russian weekly Nash Continent, alleged that Putin and Edmund Stoiber had agreed on the gradual return of Kaliningrad in return for waiving the country's $50 billion debt to Germany.[15]

Support for irredentism

Inesis Feldmanis, head of the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the University of Latvia, has been quoted saying that the Soviet Union's annexation of Kaliningrad is "an error in history".[5]

The Freistaat Preußen Movement, one of the most active offshoots of the Reichsbürger movement, considers the Russian (and German) government as illegitimate and see themselves as the rightful rulers of the region.[16] As of 2017, the movement is split into two competing factions, one based in Königsfeld, Rhineland-Palatinate and the other in Bonn.[16]

In Lithuania

Some political groups in Lithuania claim the parts of Kaliningrad Oblast between the Pregel and Nemunas Rivers, but they have little influence.[17] Linas Balsys, a deputy in the Lithuanian parliament, has argued that the status of the exclave should be discussed at international levels.[18]

In 1994, the former Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis called for the separation and 'decolonization' of Kaliningrad from Russia.[19] In December 1997, the Lithuanian parliament speaker Romualdas Ozolas expressed his view that Kaliningrad should become an independent republic.[20]

After the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the political analyst Laurynas Kasčiūnas called for a revisiting of the Potsdam Agreement.[21] He argued that residents of Kaliningrad would support a referendum to separate from Russia.[21] The notion of a Lithuanian claim has been brushed off by Russian media, with the liberal Novaya Gazeta newspaper dismissing it as a 'geopolitical fantasy'.[22]

German settlement attempts

The Amtshagen settlement in 1997

In the 1990s, a far-right group calling itself Gesellschaft für Siedlungsförderung in Trakehnen attempted to establish a settlement in Yasnaya Polyana.[23] A fundraising by the organization Aktion Deutsches Königsberg financed the construction of a German-language school and housing in the neighboring village of Amtshagen.[24] Most of the settlers were Russian Germans from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan, rather than returnees.[25]

Several dilapidated houses were bought and renovated; tractors, trucks, building materials and machinery were imported into the village.[26] The relatively high salaries attracted newcomers,[26] and the ethnic German population rose to about 400 inhabitants.[27] The construction of a second settlement in the outskirts of Trakehnen, named Agnes-Miegel-Siedlung, began in 1998.[24]

Relations with the local Russian administration were initially cordial,[24] but the activities of the group were suppressed by the Russian government after being publicized by German media.[8] Dietmar Munier, the initiator of the project, was banned from traveling to Kaliningrad Oblast.[24] In 2006, he sold his stake in the association to one Alexander Mantai, who turned it into a for-profit concern and evicted the original settlers.[28] The association was liquidated in 2015 for violating the Russian law on NGOs.[29]

In the 1990s, a group affiliated to Manfred Roeder collected donations to build housing for ethnic Germans in the village of Olchowatka, east of Kaliningrad.[30]

Official positions

The German government has no stated interest in recovering Kaliningrad Oblast.[31] The governments of Poland and Lithuania similarly recognize Kaliningrad as part of Russia,[19] as does the European Union.[32]

Germany waived all territorial claims to the former East Prussia as part of the Two Plus Four Agreement that led to German reunification.[33] In July 2005, the German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder declared that "in its heart [the city] will always be called Koenigsberg", but denied any kind of territorial claims.[34] According to Ulrich Speck, the return of Kaliningrad to Germany has little support even among fringe groups.[35] In 2004, the German politician Jürgen Klimke asked the German federal government about its view on the establishment of a Lithuanian-Russian-Polish euroregion, to be named 'Prussia'. The initiator denied any revanchist connotations to the proposal.[36]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's claim to Kaliningrad was not contested by any government,[37] though some groups in Lithuania and Poland called for the annexation of the province, or parts of it.[20]

Poland has made no claim to Kaliningrad, and is seen as being unlikely to do so, as it was a net beneficiary of the Potsdam Agreement, which also decided the status of Kaliningrad.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Richard, Yann; Sebentsov, Alexander; Zotova, Maria (8 April 2015). "The Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. Challenges and limits of its integration in the Baltic region". Cybergeo. doi:10.4000/cybergeo.26945. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018.
  2. ↑ Harding, Luke (11 April 2007). "Russia threatening new cold war over missile defence". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  3. ↑ Michta, Andrew A. (9 December 2016). "Kaliningrad and the Escalatory Spiral in the Baltics". Carnegie Europe. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  4. ↑ Krickus 2002, p. 125.
  5. 1 2 Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle. "If Russia Gets Crimea, Should Germany Get Kaliningrad?" (Archive). The Moscow Times. March 21, 2014.
  6. ↑ Waller, Michael; Coppieters, Bruno; Malashenko, Alekseĭ Vsevolodovich (1998). Conflicting Loyalties and the State in Post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780714648828. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Malinkin, Mary Elizabeth (8 February 2016). "Building a Soviet City: the Transformation of Königsberg". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 Berger, Stefan (13 May 2010). "How to be Russian with a Difference? Kaliningrad and its German Past". Geopolitics. 15 (2): 345–366. doi:10.1080/14650040903486967.
  9. ↑ Krickus 2002, p. 39.
  10. ↑ Diener, Alexander C.; Hagen, Joshua (2010). Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-State. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 9780742568440.
  11. 1 2 ""Germany in secret talks with Russia to take back Konigsberg Archived 2018-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.." The Daily Telegraph. January 21, 2001.
  12. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  13. 1 2 Wiegrefe, Klaus (22 May 2010). "ZEITGESCHICHTE: Historischer Ballast". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  14. ↑ Wagner, Rudolf (22 January 2001). "Königsberg für eine Hand voll Euro?" (in German). Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  15. ↑ Karabeshkin, Leonid; Wellmann, Christian (2004). The Russian Domestic Debate on Kaliningrad: Integrity, Identity and Economy. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 20. ISBN 9783825879525. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01.
  16. 1 2 "Reichsbürger: Wie eine „Ministerpräsidentin" aus der Eifel die Bundesrepublik bekämpft und einen Weltkrieg riskieren will". Rhein-Zeitung (in German). 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  17. 1 2 Krickus 2002, p. 82.
  18. ↑ "Experts comment on Lithuanian MP's claims regarding Russia's Kaliningrad". TASS (in Russian). 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  19. 1 2 Kempton, Daniel R.; Clark, Terry D. (2002). Unity Or Separation: Center-periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 145. ISBN 9780275973063. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01.
  20. 1 2 Vitunic, Brian. "Enclave To Exclave: Kaliningrad Between Russia And The European Union" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  21. 1 2 "Ar Karaliaučiaus statusas turėtų būti peržiūrimas?". Lietuvos Radijas ir Televizija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  22. ↑ "С легкой претензией на Калининград". Новая газета (in Russian). 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  23. ↑ Ihlau, Olaf (15 December 1997). "RUSSLANDDEUTSCHE: „Mich kriegt hier keiner weg"". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Schwarz, Moritz (17 May 2002). "Es geht nur mit den Russen". Junge Freiheit (in German). Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  25. ↑ Ihlau, Olaf (24 April 1995). "Rußlanddeutsche: „Da werden Blasen geschlagen"". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  26. 1 2 Rogalla, Annette (8 December 1997). "Tumbe Germanen wollen Königsberg". Die Tageszeitung (in German). p. 3. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  27. ↑ Strunz, Gunnar (2006). Königsberg entdecken: unterwegs zwischen Memel und Haff (in German). Trescher Verlag. ISBN 9783897940710.
  28. ↑ "Fata Morgana im Pferdeland". Moskauer Deutsche Zeitung. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  29. ↑ "Калининградский суд ликвидировал общественное объединение российских немцев из-за зарубежного финансирования". Interfax-Russia.ru (in Russian). 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  30. ↑ "EXTREMISTEN: Hitlerjunge mit Tränensäcken". Der Spiegel. 27 April 1998. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  31. ↑ Berger, Stefan (31 July 2010). "Should Kant's home once again be German?". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  32. ↑ Kortunov, Sergei (8 February 2005). "Kaliningrad: Gateway to Wider Europe". Russia in Global Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  33. ↑ Birckenbach, Hanne-Margret (2003). The Kaliningrad Challenge: Options and Recommendations. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 287. ISBN 9783825866501. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01.
  34. ↑ "Kaliningrad marks key anniversary". BBC News. 3 July 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  35. ↑ Speck, Ulrich. "Russia and Germany: The Antipodes in the International System". Carnegie Moscow Center. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  36. ↑ "… Russland". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). 23 October 2004. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  37. ↑ "Deplore it, then ignore it". The Economist. 20 November 2003. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

References

  • Krickus, Richard J. (2002). The Kaliningrad Question. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742517059.
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