Josephine Mutzenbacher

Josephine Mutzenbacher
Title page from 1906.
Author Anon. (attributed to Felix Salten)[1]
Original title Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt
Country Austria
Language German
Genre Erotica
Published 1906
Media type Print
Pages 326
OCLC 757734607

Josephine Mutzenbacher or The Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself (German: Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt) is an erotic novel first published anonymously in Vienna, Austria in 1906. The novel is famous[2][3][4] in the German-speaking world, having been in print in both German and English for over 100 years and sold over 3 million copies,[5] becoming an erotic bestseller.[6]

Although no author claimed responsibility for the work, it was originally attributed to either Felix Salten (see Bambi) or Arthur Schnitzler by the librarians at the University of Vienna.[7] Today, critics, scholars, academics and the Austrian Government designate Salten as the sole author of the "pornographic classic", Josephine Mutzenbacher.[8][9][10] The original novel uses the specific local dialect of Vienna of that time in dialogues and is therefore used as a rare source of this dialect for linguists. It also describes, to some extent, the social and economic conditions of the lower class of that time. The novel has been translated into English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Dutch, Japanese, Swedish and Finnish,[11] and been the subject of numerous films, theater productions, parodies, and university courses, as well as two sequels.

Plot

The publisher’s preface – formatted as an orbituary and excluded from all English translations – tells that Josefine left the manuscript to her physician before her death from complications after a surgery. Josefine Mutzenbacher wasn’t her real name. The protagonist is told to been born on 20 February 1852 in Vienna and have passed on 17 December 1904 at a sanatorium.[12]

The plot device employed in Josephine Mutzenbacher is that of first-person narrative, structured in the format of a memoir. The story is told from the point of view of an accomplished aging 50-year-old Viennese courtesan who is looking back upon the sexual escapades she enjoyed during her unbridled youth in Vienna. Contrary to the title, almost the entirety of the book takes place when Josephine is between the ages of 5–12 years old, before she actually becomes a licensed prostitute in the brothels of Vienna. The book begins when she is five years old and ends when she is twelve years old and about to enter professional service in a brothel.

Although the book makes use of many "euphemisms" for human anatomy and sexual behavior that seem quaint today, its content is entirely pornographic. The actual progression of events amounts to little more than a graphic, unapologetic description of the reckless sexuality exhibited by the heroine, all before reaching her 13th year. The style bears more than a passing resemblance to the Marquis de Sade's The 120 Days of Sodom in its unabashed "laundry list" cataloging of all manner of taboo sexual antics from incest and rape to child prostitution, group sex and fellatio.

The Mutzenbacher Decision

The Mutzenbacher Decision (Case BVerfGE 83,130) was a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany on 27 November 1990 concerning whether or not the novel Josephine Mutzenbacher should be placed on a list of youth-restricted media. However, the significance of the case came to eclipse Josephine Mutzenbacher as an individual work, because it set a precedent as to which has a larger weight in German Law: Freedom of Expression or The Protection of Youth.

Abstract

"Pornography and Art are not Mutually Exclusive."

Preface

In Germany there is a process known as Indizierung (indexing). The "Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien" (BPjM) ("Federal testing department for media harmful to youths") collates books, movies, video games and music that could be harmful to young people because they contain violence, pornography, Nazism, hate speech or similar dangerous content. The items are placed on the "Liste jugendgefährdender Medien" ("list of youth-endangering media"). Items that are "indexed" (placed on the list) cannot be bought by anyone under 18.

When an item is placed on the list, it is not allowed to be sold at regular bookstores or retailers that young people have access to, nor is it allowed to be advertised in any manner. An item that is placed on the list becomes very difficult for adults to access as a result of these restrictions. The issue underlying the Mutzenbacher Decision is not whether the book is legal for adults to buy, own, read, and sell – that is not disputed. The case concerns whether the intrinsic merit of the book as a work of art supersedes the potential harm its controversial contents could have on the impressionable minds of minors and whether or not it should be "indexed".

The history

In the 1960s, two separate publishing houses made reprints of the original 1906 Josephine Mutzenbacher. In 1965 Dehli Publishers of Copenhagen, Denmark published a two volume edition, and in 1969 the German publisher Rogner and Bernhard printed another edition. The "Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien" (BPjM) ("Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons") placed Josephine Mutzenbacher on its "Liste jugendgefährdender Medien" ("list of youth-endangering media"), commonly called "the index", after two criminal courts declared the pornographic contents of book obscene. The BPJM maintained that the book was pornographic and dangerous to minors because it contained explicit descriptions of sexual promiscuity, child prostitution, and incest as its exclusive subject matter, and promoted these activities as positive, insignificant, and even humorous behaviors in a manner devoid of any artistic value. The BPjM stated that the contents of the book justified it being placed on the "list of youth-endangering media" so that its availability to minors would be restricted. In 1978 a third publishing house attempted to issue a new version of Josephine Mutzenbacher that included a foreword and omitted the "glossary of Viennese Prostitution Terms" from the original 1906 version. The BPjM again placed Josephine Mutzenbacher on its "list of youth-endangering media" and the Rowohlt Publishing house filed an appeal with The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany) on the grounds that Josephine Mutzenbacher was a work of art that minors should not be restricted from reading.

The decision

On 27 November 1990 The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany) made what is now known as "The Mutzenbacher Decision". The Court prefaced their verdict by referring to two other seminal freedom of expression cases from previous German Case Law, the Mephisto Decision and the Anachronistischer Zug Decision. The court ruled that under the German Grundgesetz (constitution) chapter about Kunstfreiheit (Freedom of art) the novel Josephine Mutzenbacher was both pornography and art, and that the former is not necessary and sufficient to deny the latter. In plain English, even though the contents of Josephine Mutzenbacher are pornographic, they are still considered art and in the process of "indexing" the book, the aspect of freedom of art has to be considered. The court's ruling forced the BPjM to temporarily remove the Rowohlt edition of Josephine Mutzenbacher from its "list of youth-endangering media". This edition was added to the list again in 1992 in a new decision of the BPjM which considered the aspect of freedom of art, but deemed the aspect of protecting children to be more important. Later editions of the book by other publishers were not added to the list.

Further reading

Derivative works

Literature

Continuations

Volume 2: Meine 365 Liebhaber. First edition (1925)

Two novels, also written anonymously, which present a continuation of the original Josephine Mutzenbacher, have been written. However, they are not generally ascribed to Felix Salten.

  • Josefine Mutzenbacher: Meine 365 Liebhaber – (Josephine Mutzenbacher: My 365 Lovers) Published by Area (Oktober 2004) ISBN 3-89996-276-1
  • Peperl Mutzenbacher – Tochter der Josefine Mutzenbacher (Peperl Mutzenbacher – Daughter of Josefine Mutzenbacher) Published by Tosa (2003) ISBN 3-85492-843-2.

Works influenced by Josephine Mutzenbacher

In 2000 the Austrian writer Franzobel published the novel "Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt" (Scala Santa or Josefine Wurznbacher's Climax). The title's similarity to Josephine Mutzenbacher, being only two letters different, is a play on words that is not just coincidence.[14] The book's content is derivative as well, telling the story of the character "Pepi Wurznbacher" and her first sexual experience at age six.[15][16] The name "Pepi Wurznbacher" is directly taken from the pages of Josephine Mutzenbacher; "Pepi" was Josephine Mutzenbacher's nickname in the early chapters.[17][18] Franzobel has commented that he wanted his novel to be a retelling of the Josephine Mutzenbacher story set in modern day.[19][20] He simply took the characters, plot elements and setting from Josephine Mutzenbacher and reworked them into a thoroughly modernized version that occurs in the 1990s.[21] He was inspired to write the novel after being astounded at both the prevalence of child abuse stories in the German Press and having read Josephine Mutzenbacher's blatantly unapologetic depiction of the same.[22]

University/Academia

Josephine Mutzenbacher has been included in several university courses and symposium.[23]

Film

YearGerman TitleTranslationRuntimeCountryNotes/English Title
1970Josefine MutzenbacherJosephine Mutzenbacher89minWest GermanyNaughty Knickers (UK)
1971Josefine Mutzenbacher II – Meine 365 LiebhaberJosephine Mutzenbacher II – My 365 Lovers90minWest GermanyDon't Get your Knickers in a Twist (UK)
1972Ferdinand und die MutzenbacherinFerdinand and the Mutzenbacher Girl81minWest GermanyThe Games Schoolgirls Play (USA)
1976Josefine Mutzenbacher- Wie sie wirklich war 1Josephine Mutzenbacher- The Way She Really Was94minWest GermanySensational Janine (USA)
1978Die Beichte der Josefine MutzenbacherThe Confession of Josephine Mutzenbacher94minWest GermanyStudio Tabu, Dir. Hans Billian
1981Aus dem Tagebuch der Josefine MutzenbacherFrom the Diary of Josephine Mutzenbacher93minWest GermanyProfessional Janine (USA)
1984Josefine Mutzenbacher – Mein Leben für die LiebeJosephine Mutzenbacher – My Life for Love100minWest GermanyThe Way She Was (USA)
1987Das Lustschloss der Josefine MutzenbacherThe Pleasure Palace of Josephine Mutzenbacher85minGermanyInsatiable Janine (USA)
1990Josefine Mutzenbacher – Manche mögen's heiß!Josephine Mutzenbacher – Some Like it Hot!90minGermanyStudio EMS GmbH, Dir. Jürgen Enz
1991Josefine Mutzenbacher – Die Hure von WienJosephine Mutzenbacher – The Whore of Vienna90minGermanyTrimax Studio, Dir. Hans Billian
1994Heidi heida! Josefine Mutzenbackers Enkelin lässt grüßenHeidi heida! Let's Say Hello to Josephine Mutzenbacher's Granddaughter90minGermanyStudio KSM GmbH

Theater/Cabaret/Stage

The Viennese a cappella quartet 4she regularly performs a cabaret musical theatre production based on Josephine Mutzenbacher called "The 7 Songs of Josefine Mutzenbacher" ("Die 7 Lieder der Josefine Mutzenbacher"). The show is a raunchy, humorous parody of the novel, set in a brothel, that runs approximately 75 minutes.[3][24][25][26][27][28][29]

In 2002 the German actor Jürgen Tarrach and the jazz group CB-funk performed a live rendition of the texts of Josephine Mutzenbacher and Shakespeare set to modern music composed by Bernd Weißig and arranged by the Pianist Detlef Bielke of the Günther-Fischer-Quintett at the Kalkscheune in Berlin.[30][31][32]

In January 2005, Austrian actress Ulrike Beimpold gave several comedy cabaret live performances of the text of Josephine Mutzenbacher at the Auersperg15-Theater in Vienna, Austria.[33]

In an event organized by the Jazzclub Regensburg, Werner Steinmassl held a live musical reading of Josephine Mutzenbacher, accompanied by Andreas Rüsing, at the Leeren Beutel Concert Hall in Ratisbon, Bavaria, Germany called "Werner Steinmassl reads Josefine Mutzenbacher" on 3 September 2005.[34][35]

Audio adaptations

Both the original Josephine Mutzenbacher and the two "sequels" are available as spoken word audio CDs read by Austrian actress Ulrike Beimpold:

  • Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt. Random House Audio 2006. ISBN 3-86604-253-1.
  • Josefine Mutzenbacher und ihre 365 Liebhaber. Audio CD. Götz Fritsch. Der Audio Verlag 2006. ISBN 3-89813-484-9.

In 1997 Helmut Qualtinger released "Fifi Mutzenbacher", a parody on audio CD:

  • Fifi Mutzenbacher (Eine Porno-Parodie). Helmut Qualtinger (reader). Audio CD. Preiser Records (Naxos) 1997.

Exhibits

The Jewish Museum of Vienna displayed an exhibit at the Palais Eskeles called "Felix Salten: From Josephine Mutzenbacher to Bambi" where the life and work of Felix Salten was on display, which ran from December 2006 to March 2007. Austrian State Parliament Delegate Elisabeth Vitouch appeared for the opening of the exhibit at Jewish Museum Vienna and declared: "Everyone knows Bambi and Josefine Mutzenbacher even today, but the author Felix Salten is today to a large extent forgotten".[9][36][37]

Editions in English

Variety of translations

There are several English translations of Josefine Mutzenbacher, some of which, however, are pirated editions of each other.[11] All the English translations are missing the original publisher's introduction,[38] When checked against the German text, the translations differ, and the original chapter and paragraph division is not followed. For instance, the first anonymous translation from 1931 is abridged and leaves part of the sentences untranslated; on the other hand, the 1967 translation by Rudolf Schleifer contains large inauthentic expansions, as shown in the following comparison:

1931 edition 1967 edition (Schleifer) Accurate rendition of the German text

My father was a very poor man who worked as a saddler in Josef City. We lived in a tenement house away out in Ottakring, at that time a new house, which was filled from top to bottom with the poorer class of tenants. All of the tenants had many children, who were forced to play in the back yards, which were much too small for so many.
 I had two older brothers. My father and my mother and we three children lived in two rooms... a living-room and kitchen. We also had a roomer.
 The other tenants, probably fifty in all, came and went, sometimes in a friendly way, more often in anger. Most of them disappeared and we never heard from them again.
 I distinctly remember two of our roomers. One was a locksmith-apprentice. He had dark eyes and was a sad-looking lad; his black eyes and lark face always were covered with grime and soot. We children were very much afraid of him. He was a very silent man, never saying a word.
 I remember one afternoon, when I was alone in the house, he came home. I was then only five years old. My mother and my two brothers had gone to Furstenfeld and my father had not yet returned from work.
 The locksmith took me up from the floor, where I was playing, and held me on his lap. I wanted to cry, but he quietly told me: “Be quiet, I won't hurt you.”[39]

My father was a very poor journeyman saddler who worked from morning till evening in a shop in the Josefstadt, as the eighth district of Vienna is called. In order to be there at seven in the morning, he had to get up at five and leave half an hour later to catch the horse-drawn streetcar that del­ivered him after one and a half hour’s ride at a stop near his working place.
 “Suburbia” in the Vienna of the mid-19th century did not necessarily mean a residential section for the well-to-do middle-class, as in modern times. Rich people did live in the outer districts to the north and northwest, but the western and southern suburbs constituted what we called the “wor­kers’ ghetto.” There, in gloomy tenement houses about five stories high, lived all the Viennese who were not white-collar workers.
 Our tenement building, filled from top to bottom with poor folk, was in the seventeenth district, called Ottakring. Nobody who never visited those tenement houses can imagine the unsanitary, primitive living con­ditions under which we spent our childhood and adolescence, and—in most cases—the rest of our poor lives.
 My parents, and my two brothers and I lived in a so-called apartment that consisted of one room and a kitchen. That was the size of all the ap­artments in our building and in most of the other buildings of the district. Most tenants had a lot of children who swarmed all over the buildings and crowded the small courtyards in the summer. Since I and my two older brothers made up only a “small” family, compared with the families a­round us having at least half a dozen brats, my parents could afford to make a little money by accepting roomers. Such roomers, who had to share our one room and a kitchen with the whole family, were called “sleepers,” because the tiny rent one could charge them was for a small, iron folding bed that was placed in the kitchen at night.
 I remember several dozens of such sleepers who stayed with us for a while, one after another. Some left because they found work out of town, some, because they quarreled too much with my father, and others simply did not show up one evening, thus creating a vacancy for the next one. Among all those sleepers there were two who clearly stand out in my memory. One was a dark-haired young fellow with sad eyes who made a scant living as a locksmith’s apprentice and hardly ever washed his sooty face. We children were a little afraid of him, perhaps because of his black­ened face and also because he hardly said anything. One afternoon I was alone in our place playing with what was sup­posed to be a doll on the floor. My mother had taken my two brothers to a nearby empty lot that was covered with wild grass and shrubbery where the boys could play, and my father was not yet home from work. The young sleeper came home quite unexpectedly and, as usual, did not say a word. When he saw me playing on the floor, he picked me up, sat down and put me on his knees. When he noticed that I was about to cry, he whispered fiercely, “Shut your mouth! I’m not going to hurt you!”[40]

My father was a penniless saddle-maker’s help who worked in a shop in Josefstadt. Our tenement building, at that time a new one, filled from top to bottom with poor folk, was far in Ottakring. All of these people had so many children that it over-crowded the small courtyards in the summer. I myself had two older brothers, both of whom were a couple of years older than I. My father, my mother, and we three children lived in a kitchen and a room, and had also one lodger. Several dozens of such lodger stayed with us for a while, one after another; they appeared and vanished, some friendly, some quarrelsome, and most of them disappeared without a trace, and we never heard from them. Among all those lodgers there were two who clearly stand out in my memory. One was a locksmith’s apprentice, a dark-haired young fellow with a sad look and always a thoroughly sooty face. We children were afraid of him. He was quiet, too, and rarely spoke much. I remember how one afternoon he came home when I was alone in our place. I was at that time five years old and was playing on the floor of the room. My mother was with the two boys in Fürstenfeld, my father not yet home from work. The apprentice picked me up, sat down and hold me on his knees. I was about to cry, but he whispered fiercely, “Lay still, I do you nothin’!”[41]

Bibliography

  • Memoirs of Josefine Mutzenbacher: The Story of a Viennese Prostitute. Translated from the German and Privately Printed. Paris [Obelisk Press?], 1931.
  • Memoirs of Josefine Mutzenbacher. Illustrated by Mahlon Blaine. Paris [i.e. New York], 1931.
  • The Memoirs of Josephine Mutzenbacher. Translated by Paul J. Gillette. Los Angeles, Holloway House, 1966.
  • The Memoirs of Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Intimate Confessions of a Courtesan. Translated by Rudolf Schleifer [Hilary E. Holt]. Introduction by Hilary E. Holt, Ph.D. North Hollywood, Brandon House 1967.
  • Memoirs of Josephine M. Complete and unexpurgated. Continental Classics Erotica Book, 113. Continental Classics, 1967.
  • Oh! Oh! Josephine 1–2. London, King’s Road Publishing, 1973. ISBN 0-284-98498-1 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-284-98499-X (vol. 2)

References

  1. ↑ Eddy, Beverley Driver (2010). Felix Salten: Man of Many Faces. Riverside (Ca.): Ariadne Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-57241-169-2.
  2. ↑ Outshoorn, Joyce (2004). The politics of prostitution: women's movements, democratic states, and the globalisation of sex commerce. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-54069-0.
    Tohill, Cathal; Tombs, Pete (1995). Immoral tales: European sex & horror movies 1956–1984. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 46. ISBN 0-312-13519-X.
    Lexikon. Archived 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
    WAS IST SOLLIZITATION? Archived 30 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. 1 2 Wien im Rosenstolz 2006 Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ ERBzine 0880: Mahlon Blaine Bio and Bib. Erbzine.com (5 June 1917). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  5. ↑ Zensur.org – Bahle: Zensur in der Literatur. Censuriana.de. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
    TRANS Nr. 14: Donald G. Daviau (Riverside/California): Austria at the Turn of the Century 1900 and at the Millenium [sic]
  6. ↑ Archived 21 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
    Felix Salten, Bambi, Walt Disney – Biography – Famous People from Vienna, Austria Archived 5 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Actilingua.com. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
    Mutzenbacher, Josefine Mutzenbacher, Erotische Führung, Wienführung, Führungen in Wien, Anna Ehrlich. Wienfuehrung.com. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
    Hamann, Brigitte (2000). Hitler's Vienna: a dictator's apprenticeship. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-19-514053-2.
  7. ↑ Archived 23 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Harold B. Segel (1987). Turn-of-the-century cabaret: Paris, Barcelona, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Cracow, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Zurich. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-231-05128-X.
    Lasky, Melvin J. (2000). The language of journalism. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction. p. 225. ISBN 0-7658-0220-1.
    Gilman, Sander L. (1985). Difference and pathology: stereotypes of sexuality, race, and madness. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-8014-9332-3.
    Schnitzler, Arthur; translated by J. M. Q. Davies; with and introduction and notes by Ritchie Robertson (2004). Round dance and other plays. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. X. ISBN 0-19-280459-6.
    Lendvai, Paul (1998). Blacklisted: A Journalist's Life in Central Europe. I. B. Tauris. pp. XV. ISBN 1-86064-268-3.
    Segel, Harold B. The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits, 1890–1938. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. p. 166. ISBN 1-55753-033-5.
  9. 1 2 Archivmeldung: Felix Salten: "Von Josefine Mutzenbacher bis Bambi". Wien.gv.at. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  10. ↑ (in German) Ungeheure Unzucht – DIE WELT – WELT ONLINE. Welt.de (3 January 2007). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
    Olympia Press Ebooks: $1 Literary and Erotic Classics From The Fabled Olympia Press Archived 28 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Olympiapress.com. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  11. 1 2 Felix Salten: A Preliminary Bibliography of His Works in Translation.
  12. ↑ Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (1906), pp. v–vi.
  13. ↑ UCL Laws: Institute of Global Law Archived 14 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine.. Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  14. ↑ Theater heute. Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ Franzobel: Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Hoehepunkt
  16. ↑ (in German) Endogene Zeichen – DIE WELT – WELT ONLINE. Welt.de (1 July 2000). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  17. ↑ "Die Literaturdatenbank des Österreichischen Bibliothekswerks". Biblio.at. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  18. ↑ Scala Santa von Franzobel. Lyrikwelt.de. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Treibhaus Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Treibhaus.at. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  20. ↑ http://www.wellbuilt.net/literatur/doc/franzinter.html
  21. ↑ (in German) Deftiges Geflügelgulasch – DIE WELT – WELT ONLINE. Welt.de (12 June 2001). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  22. ↑ Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Odds & Ends, June 1998. Home.eznet.net. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  24. ↑ at. 4she.net. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  25. ↑ Accessed on 9 April 2007
  26. ↑ Archived 13 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Events|Kurier Online Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Programm.kurier.at (24 January 2007). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  28. ↑ Mutzenbacher: Sie singt wieder Tvmedia NR. 39 23–29 September 2006 Verlagsgruppe NEWS Gesellschaft m.b.H Vienna Austria
  29. ↑ Ziegelwagner, Michael "Sundig Geschrammelt Und G'stanzelt" The Kurier Vienna Austria 7 October 2006
  30. ↑ Berliner Morgenpost: Tagestips vom 18.09.2002: Schauspieler auf neuen Wegen
  31. ↑ (in German) Kultur-Highlights – WELT am SONNTAG – WELT ONLINE. Welt.de (15 September 2002). Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  32. ↑ (in German) Jazz, Funk & Soul meets Shakespeare : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung. Berlinonline.de. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  33. ↑ Beimpold las Mutzenbacher Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  34. ↑ Werner Steinmassl – Programme. Werner-steinmassl.de. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  35. ↑ Veranstaltungen – Liste. Jazzclubregensburg.de. Retrieved on 28 November 2011.
  36. ↑ From Josephine Mutzenbacher to Bambi. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Felix Salten: "Von Josefine Mutzenbacher bis Bambi". ots.at. Retrieved on 28 November 2011. (in German)
  38. ↑ Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (1906), pp. v–vi.
  39. ↑ Memoirs of Josefine Mutzenbacher: The Story of a Viennese Prostitute (1931), pp. 6–7.
  40. ↑ The Memoirs of Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Intimate Confessions of a Courtesan (1967), pp. 17–19.
  41. ↑ Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (1906), pp. 3–4.
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