Joseph O. Shelby

Joseph O. Shelby
Shelby during the American Civil War
Birth name Joseph Orville Shelby
Nickname(s) Jo Shelby
Born December 12, 1830
Lexington, Kentucky
Died February 13, 1897 (aged 66)
Adrian, Missouri
Allegiance United States of America
State of Missouri
Confederate States of America
Service/branch Missouri State Guard
Confederate States Army
Years of service 1861 (Missouri State Guard)
1861–1865 (CSA)
Rank Captain (MSG)
Major General (CSA)
Commands held Shelby's Iron Brigade
Battles/wars

American Civil War

Spouse(s) Elizabeth Nancy Shelby (Betty, Betsy)

Joseph Orville "Jo" Shelby (December 12, 1830 – February 13, 1897) was a Confederate cavalry general noted for his actions in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

Early life and education

Shelby was born in Lexington, Kentucky to one of the state's wealthiest and most influential families. He lost his father at age five, and was raised by a stepfather. Shelby attended Transylvania University and was a rope manufacturer until 1852. He then moved to Waverly, Missouri, where he engaged in steamboating on the Missouri River. He also ran a hemp plantation, a ropeworks, and a sawmill.[1]

Missouri–Kansas Border War

During the Bleeding Kansas struggle of the mid-1850s, Shelby organized the pro-slavery "Blue Lodge" group in Waverly and led a company of Border Ruffians. Shelby's first direct involvement in Kansas was at Lawrence during the March 30, 1855 election of the Kansas territorial legislature. Many Missourians without residence in the territory voted illegally in the election. This was partially achieved through intimidation of election judges, who were prevented from administering residency oaths. Additionally, Shelby and other Missourians harassed several abolitionists attempting to vote, although they were generally not prevented from doing so.[2]

Shelby's leadership in the Missouri–Kansas border war damaged his business ventures and partnership with his stepbrother, Henry Howard Gratz. In December 1855, their new sawmill burned, and evidence suggested the use of an incendiary. The mill was uninsured and losses exceeded $9,000.[3] Gratz returned to Lexington, Kentucky, and Shelby auctioned off the business in February 1860.[4]

Marriage

On July 22, 1857, Shelby married Elizabeth Nancy Shelby (daughter of his first cousin), in a grand steamboat wedding and honeymoon trip to St. Louis. Known as Betty (or Betsy), she was much younger than him.[5]

American Civil War

Following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson refused Lincoln's call for volunteers and maneuvered to take the state out of the Union. The resulting friction between State and Federal militias vying for control of the St. Louis Arsenal led to the Camp Jackson affair and the creation of the pro-secession Missouri State Guard.[6]

Shelby formed the Lafayette County Mounted Rifles for Missouri State Guard service and was elected the company's captain, leading it into battle at Carthage, Wilson's Creek, and Pea Ridge. In 1862, he was promoted to colonel and authorized to recruit a Confederate cavalry regiment, returning to Lafayette County to do so. After successfully bringing the regiment safely back to Arkansas, he was given command of a brigade of newly recruited regiments.

In the fall of 1863, Shelby led his "Iron Brigade" of Missouri volunteers on what was at the time the longest cavalry raid of the war, Shelby's Raid. Between September 22 and November 3, 1863, Shelby's brigade traveled 1,500 miles through Missouri, inflicting over 1,000 casualties on Union forces and capturing or destroying an estimated $2 million worth of federal supplies and property. He was promoted to brigadier general on December 15, 1863, following the successful conclusion of his raid.[7]

In 1864, Union General Frederick Steele's failure in the Camden Expedition of March 23 – May 2, 1864 was largely due to Shelby's brilliant and determined harassment, in concert with other Confederate forces. Steele's men were forced to retreat to Little Rock by the destruction or capture of their supply trains at the Battle of Marks' Mills.[8] Reassigned to Clarendon, Arkansas, Shelby succeeded in capturing a Union tinclad (lightly armored) gunboat, the USS Queen City. The gunboat was burned to prevent her recapture.[9] Shelby then commanded a division during Sterling Price's 1864 Missouri raid. He distinguished himself at the battles of Little Blue River and Westport, and captured many towns from their Union garrisons, including Potosi, Boonville, Waverly, Stockton, Lexington, and California, Missouri.[10]

After Robert E. Lee's army surrendered in Virginia in April 1865, General Edmund Kirby Smith appointed Shelby a major general on May 10. The promotion was never formalized, however, due to the collapse of the Confederate government. Shelby's adjutant at the time was John Newman Edwards, who years later (as editor of the Kansas City Times) was largely responsible for creating the anti-hero legend of Jesse James and his fellow Confederate guerrillas.

Post-war years

In June 1865, rather than surrender, Shelby and approximately 1,000 of his remaining troops rode south into Mexico. Reportedly, Shelby sank his battle flag in the Rio Grande near present-day Eagle Pass, Texas on the way to Mexico rather than risk the flag falling into the hands of the Federals. The event is depicted in a painting displayed at the Eagle Pass City Hall.

For their determination not to surrender, Shelby's men were immortalized as "the undefeated". A later verse appended to the post-war Confederate anthem "The Unreconstructed Rebel" commemorates the defiance of Shelby and his men:

"I won't be reconstructed, I'm better now than then.
And for a Carpetbagger I do not give a damn.
So it's forward to the frontier, soon as I can go.
I'll fix me up a weapon and start for Mexico."[11]

The plan was to offer their services to Emperor Maximilian as a "foreign legion". Maximilian declined to accept the ex-Confederates into his armed forces, but he did grant them land for the New Virginia Colony, an American settlement in Mexico near Veracruz. The grant was revoked two years later following the collapse of the empire and Maximilan's execution. The memory of Shelby and his men as "The Undefeated" is used as a basis for the 1969 John Wayne–Rock Hudson film by the same name.

Shelby returned to Missouri in 1867 and resumed farming. In 1883, Shelby was a critical witness for fellow ex-Confederate Frank James at James' trial.[12] Shelby was appointed the U.S. Marshal for the Western District of Missouri in 1893, and retained this position until his death. He appointed an African-American to office, which led to "bitter feeling among some his neighbors." Shelby defended his actions.[13]

Death

Joseph Shelby Park

Shelby died of pneumonia [14]at his farm near Adrian, Missouri in 1897,[15] and is buried at Forest Hill Cemetery, in Kansas City.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The State Historical Society of Missouri". Historic Missourians. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  2. ↑ O'Flaherty, pp. 33-40
  3. ↑ O'Flaherty, pp. 15, 41
  4. ↑ O'Flaherty, p. 46
  5. ↑ O'Flaherty, pp 28, 47–50
  6. ↑ "An Act to Provide for the Organization, Government, and Support of the Military Forces, State of Missouri." 21st General Assembly, Jefferson City, 1861
  7. ↑ O'Flaherty, Daniel (June 2000). General Jo Shelby: Undefeated Rebel. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. Forward (xi). ISBN 978-0807848784.
  8. ↑ O'Flaherty General Jo Shelby, Undefeated Rebel pg 209-211
  9. ↑ Confederates Sink Ironclad near DeValls Bluff Archived 2006-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.; The Arkansas News; at "The Old Statehouse" online; accessed September 2015.
  10. ↑ Philips, Christopher. "Civil War on the Western Border". The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854-1865. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  11. ↑ with variations by Ry Cooder for the 1980 film, "The Long Riders": http://www.rycooder.nl/pages/ry_cooder_the_long_riders_chords_lyrics.htm
  12. ↑ Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961. OCLC 2095765.
  13. ↑ Leupp, Francis E. (1894). Good Government, Official Journal of the National Civil Service Reform. Washington and New York: Washington Office and Editorial Rooms.
  14. ↑ O'Flaherty, p. 395
  15. ↑ February 14, 1897. General J.O. Shelby, New-York Tribune, p. 7 col. 5

References

  • Davis, Edwin Adams. Fallen Guidon: The Saga of Confederate General Jo Shelby's March to Mexico. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0890966846
  • Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1
  • O'Flaherty, Daniel C. "General Jo Shelby:Undefeated Rebel," (University of North Carolina Press) 1954; ISBN 0-8078-4878-6; republished, 2000
  • Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4
  • Biography from History of U.S. Marshals
  • Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9
  • Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961. OCLC 2095765
  • Edwin Adams Davis Fallen Guidon: The Saga of Confederate General Jo Shelby's March to Mexico. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0890966846
  • Works by or about Joseph O. Shelby at Internet Archive
  • "Joseph O. Shelby". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
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