Jacobi triple product

In mathematics, the Jacobi triple product is the mathematical identity:

\prod_{m=1}^\infty \left( 1 - x^{2m}\right) \left( 1 + x^{2m-1} y^2\right) \left( 1 +\frac{x^{2m-1}}{y^2}\right) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty x^{n^2} y^{2n},

for complex numbers x and y, with |x| < 1 and y ≠ 0.

It was introduced by Jacobi (1829) in his work Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum.

The Jacobi triple product identity is the Macdonald identity for the affine root system of type A₁, and is the Weyl denominator formula for the corresponding affine Kac–Moody algebra.

Properties

The basis of Jacobi's proof relies on Euler's pentagonal number theorem, which is itself a specific case of the Jacobi Triple Product Identity.

Let $x=q\sqrt q$ and $y^2=-\sqrt{q}$ . Then we have

\phi (q)=\prod _{m=1}^{\infty }\left(1-q^{m}\right)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }(-1)^{n}q^{\frac {3n^{2}-n}{2}}.

The Jacobi Triple Product also allows the Jacobi theta function to be written as an infinite product as follows:

Let $x=e^{i\pi \tau}$ and $y=e^{i\pi z}.$

Then the Jacobi theta function

\vartheta(z; \tau) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{\pi {\rm{i}} n^2 \tau + 2 \pi {\rm{i}} n z}

can be written in the form

\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty y^{2n}x^{n^2}.

Using the Jacobi Triple Product Identity we can then write the theta function as the product

\vartheta(z; \tau) = \prod_{m=1}^\infty \left( 1 - e^{2m \pi {\rm{i}} \tau}\right) \left[ 1 + e^{(2m-1) \pi {\rm{i}} \tau + 2 \pi {\rm{i}} z}\right] \left[ 1 + e^{(2m-1) \pi {\rm{i}} \tau -2 \pi {\rm{i}} z}\right].

There are many different notations used to express the Jacobi triple product. It takes on a concise form when expressed in terms of q-Pochhammer symbols:

\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }q^{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}z^{n}=(q;q)_{\infty }\;\left(-{\tfrac {1}{z}};q\right)_{\infty }\;(-zq;q)_{\infty },

where $(a;q)_\infty$ is the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol.

It enjoys a particularly elegant form when expressed in terms of the Ramanujan theta function. For $|ab|<1$ it can be written as

\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty a^{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} \; b^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}} = (-a; ab)_\infty \;(-b; ab)_\infty \;(ab;ab)_\infty.

Proof

A simple proof is given by G. E. Andrews based on two identities of Euler.^[1] For the analytic case, see Apostol, the first edition of which was published in 1976. Also see links below for a proof motivated with physics due to Borcherds.

References

See chapter 14, theorem 14.6 of Apostol, Tom M. (1976), Introduction to analytic number theory, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90163-3, MR 0434929, Zbl 0335.10001
Peter J. Cameron, Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms, (1994) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45761-0
Jacobi, C. G. J. (1829), Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (in Latin), Königsberg: Borntraeger, ISBN 978-1-108-05200-9, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012
Carlitz, L (1962), A note on the Jacobi theta formula, American Mathematical Society
Wright, E. M. (1965), An Enumerative Proof of An Identity of Jacobi, London Mathematical Society

↑ Andrews, George E. (1965-02-01). "A simple proof of Jacobi's triple product identity". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 16 (2): 333–333. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1965-0171725-X. ISSN 0002-9939.

External links

A short combinatorial proof of the identity motivated with physics.

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[1] Andrews, George E. (1965-02-01). "A simple proof of Jacobi's triple product identity". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 16 (2): 333–333. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1965-0171725-X. ISSN 0002-9939.