Iodine clock reaction

The iodine clock reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action; it was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt in 1886.^[1] The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations, which each involve iodine species (iodide ion, free iodine, or iodate ion) and redox reagents in the presence of starch. Two colourless solutions are mixed and at first there is no visible reaction. After a short time delay, the liquid suddenly turns to a shade of dark blue due to the formation of a triiodide-starch complex. In some variations, the solution will repeatedly cycle from colorless to blue and back to colorless, until the reagents are depleted.

Hydrogen peroxide variation

This reaction starts from a solution of hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid. To this is added a solution containing potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, and starch. There are two reactions occurring in the solution.

In the first, slow reaction, iodine is produced:

H₂O₂ + 2I⁻ + 2H⁺ → I₂ + 2H₂O

In the second, fast reaction, iodine is reconverted to 2 iodide ions by the thiosulfate:

2S₂O₃²⁻ + I₂ → S₄O₆²⁻ + 2I⁻

After some time the solution always changes color to a very dark blue, almost black.

When the solutions are mixed, the second reaction causes the triiodide ion to be consumed much faster than it is generated, and only a small amount of triiodide is present in the dynamic equilibrium. Once the thiosulfate ion has been exhausted, this reaction stops and the blue colour caused by the triiodide – starch complex appears.

Anything that accelerates the first reaction will shorten the time until the solution changes color. Decreasing the pH (increasing H⁺ concentration), or increasing the concentration of iodide or hydrogen peroxide will shorten the time. Adding more thiosulfate will have the opposite effect; it will take longer for the blue colour to appear.

Iodate variation

An alternative protocol uses a solution of iodate ion (for instance potassium iodate) to which an acidified solution (again with sulfuric acid) of sodium bisulfite is added.^[2]

In this protocol, iodide ion is generated by the following slow reaction between the iodate and bisulfite:

IO₃⁻ + 3 HSO₃⁻ → I⁻ + 3 HSO₄⁻

This is the rate determining step. The iodate in excess will oxidize the iodide generated above to form iodine:

IO₃⁻ + 5 I⁻ + 6 H⁺ → 3 I₂ + 3 H₂O

However, the iodine is reduced immediately back to iodide by the bisulfite:

I₂ + HSO₃⁻ + H₂O → 2 I⁻ + HSO₄⁻ + 2 H⁺

When the bisulfite is fully consumed, the iodine will survive (i.e., no reduction by the bisulfite) to form the dark blue complex with starch.

Persulfate variation

This clock reaction uses sodium, potassium or ammonium persulfate to oxidize iodide ions to iodine. Sodium thiosulfate is used to reduce iodine back to iodide before the iodine can complex with the starch to form the characteristic blue-black color.

Iodine is generated:

2 I⁻ + S₂O₈²⁻ → I₂ + 2 SO₄²⁻

And is then removed:

I₂ + 2 S₂O₃²⁻ → 2 I⁻ + S₄O₆²⁻

Once all the thiosulfate is consumed the iodine may form a complex with the starch. Potassium persulfate is less soluble (cfr. Salters website) while ammonium persulfate has a higher solubility and is used instead in the reaction described in examples from Oxford University.^[3]

Chlorate variation

An experimental iodine clock sequence has also been established for a system consisting of iodine potassium-iodide, sodium chlorate and perchloric acid that takes place through the following reactions.^[4]

Triiodide is present in equilibrium with iodide anion and molecular iodine:

I₃⁻ ⇄ I⁻ + I₂

Chlorate ion oxidizes iodide ion to hypoiodous acid and chlorous acid in the slow and rate-determining step:

ClO₃⁻ + I⁻ + 2 H⁺ → HOI + HClO₂

Chlorate consumption is accelerated by reaction of hypoiodous acid to iodous acid and more chlorous acid:

ClO₃⁻ + HOI + H⁺ → HIO₂ + HClO₂

More autocatalysis when newly generated iodous acid also converts chlorate in the fastest reaction step:

ClO₃⁻ + HIO₂ → IO₃⁻ + HClO₂

In this clock the induction period is the time it takes for autocatalytic process to start after which the concentration of free iodine falls rapidly as observed by UV/VIS spectroscopy.

See also

• Clock reaction
• Old Nassau reaction

References

External links

• Hydrogen peroxide variation
• Sodium bisulfite variation with a high-speed camera