International recognition of Croatia

  Croatia
  Countries that have recognized Croatia
  Countries that haven't recognized Croatia

The international recognition of Croatia refers to the diplomatic recognition of the Republic of Croatia which was established by the decision of the Croatian Parliament on 25 June 1991.[1] Out of 193 UN member states, 182 recognized Croatia.

History

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from the SFR Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. On the next day, the newly-independent countries have mutually recognized each other.

At the time of dissolution of Yugoslavia, dissolution of the Soviet Union was happening as well. Ukraine and Baltic states, first of them being Lithuania, recognized Croatia in 1991. However, these states were at the time only partially recognized.

Two countries that prevailed in diplomatic efforts for the international recognition of Croatia were the Holy See and Germany. Vatican diplomacy, as the world's first, announced on October 3, 1991 that it was working on the Croatian international recognition.[2]

Out of fully recognized countries, Iceland was the first one to recognize Croatian independence which did so on 19 December 1991.[3] On the same day, Germany announced its intention to recognize Croatia which was to come into effect on 15 January 1992. Italy, Sweden and the Holy See also announced their intention of recognition. Holy See recognized Croatia on 13 January, and San Marino on 14 January 1992.

On 15 January 1992, Croatia was recognized by all 12 members of the European Economic Community (the predecessor of the European Union) as well as by Austria, Canada, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Malta, Norway and Switzerland. By the end of January 1992, Croatia was recognized by 44 countries. Therefore, 15 January is celebrated in Croatia as the Day of International Recognition.

Russia recognized Croatia in February, Japan in March, the United States in April, and India in May 1992.

At the session of the United Nations General Assembly held on 22 May 1992, which was chaired by Saudi ambassador Sinan Shihabi, Croatia was, alongside Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, admitted to the membership of the United Nations. Croatia's UN delegation was led by the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman. After a solemn session, United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali sent delegations from the new UN members states to the main entrance of the UN headquarters, where Croatian, Slovenian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian flags were erected on the masts. Many diplomats and thousands of Croatian emigrants attended flag hoisting ceremony.[4]

By 31 December 1995, Croatia was recognized by 124 countries.[5] On 9 September 1995, Croatia and FR Yugoslavia concluded a Mutual Reconciliation Agreement which included mutual recognition, and established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1996.[6]

Chronology

Chronological review of Croatia's international recognition by the countries' admission to the UN:

CountryDate of recognitionNote
1Slovenia Slovenia26 June 1991Unrecognized country at the time
2Lithuania Lithuania30 July 1991Only partially recognized country at the time
3Ukraine Ukraine11 December 1991Only partially recognized country at the time
4Latvia Latvia14 December 1991
5Iceland Iceland14 December 1991Fully recognized; Member of NATO
6Estonia Estonia31 December 1991
7Vatican City Vatican13 January 1992Fully recognized
8San Marino San Marino14 January 1992Fully recognized
9Germany Germany15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

10United Kingdom United Kingdom15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

11Italy Italy15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

12France France15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

13Spain Spain15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

14 Netherlands15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

15 Denmark15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

16Belgium Belgium15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

17Republic of Ireland Ireland15 January 1992

Member of the EEC

18Luxembourg Luxembourg15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

19Portugal Portugal15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

20 Greece15 January 1992

Member of the EEC and NATO

21Austria Austria15 January 1992Member of EFTA
22 Bulgaria15 January 1992
23 Canada15 January 1992Member of NATO
24 Hungary15 January 1992
25Malta Malta15 January 1992
26Norway Norway15 January 1992Member of EFTA and NATO
27Poland Poland15 January 1992
28Switzerland Switzerland15 January 1992Member of EFTA
29Australia Australia16 January 1992
30Argentina Argentina16 January 1992
31 Chile16 January 1992
32Czech Republic Czech Republic16 January 1992As Czechoslovakia
33 Liechtenstein16 January 1992Member of EFTA
34New Zealand New Zealand16 January 1992
35 Slovakia16 January 1992As Czechoslovakia
36Sweden Sweden16 January 1992Member of EFTA
37Uruguay Uruguay16 January 1992
38Finland Finland17 January 1992Member of EFTA
39Romania Romania18 January 1992
40Albania Albania21 January 1992
41 Bosnia and Herzegovina24 January 1992Unrecognized country at the time
42Brazil Brazil24 January 1992
43Paraguay Paraguay27 January 1992
44Bolivia Bolivia29 January 1992
45 Turkey6 February 1992Member of NATO
46 Macedonia12 February 1992Unrecognized country at the time
47Russia Russia17 February 1992
48 Kyrgyzstan26 February 1992
49 Colombia3 March 1992
50Iran Iran15 March 1992
51Peru Peru15 March 1992
52Japan Japan17 March 1992
53Libya Libya17 March 1992
54 Cyprus30 March 1992
55 Tajikistan2 April 1992
56South Africa South Africa3 April 1992
57United States United States7 April 1992Member of NATO
58 South Korea15 April 1992
59 Egypt16 April 1992
60 Israel16 April 1992
61United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates18 April 1992
62Sudan Sudan21 April 1992
63Algeria Algeria24 April 1992
64Tunisia Tunisia26 April 1992
65 China27 April 1992
66Morocco Morocco27 April 1992
67Oman Oman28 April 1992
68Thailand Thailand2 May 1992
69 Philippines4 May 1992
70 Malaysia4 May 1992
71 Venezuela6 May 1992
72 North Korea8 May 1992
73India India11 May 1992
74Pakistan Pakistan11 May 1992
75Singapore Singapore15 May 1992
76 Indonesia16 May 1992
77Jordan Jordan17 May 1992

States that haven't recognized Croatia

11 UN member states haven't formally recognized Croatia or established diplomatic relations with Croatia. These are Burundi, Bhutan, South Sudan, Liberia, Marshal Islands, Niger, Somalia, Central African Republic, Swaziland, Tonga and Tuvalu.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Hrvatski sabor". www.sabor.hr.
  2. ↑ "Tri rođendana: Svaki datum ima povijesno značenje za Hrvatsku".
  3. ↑ Grafit, Artur Erceg ( http://www.artur.hr )/PROGRAMMING: Željko Erceg/CMS: Studio. "Pravni fakultet Split - Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu". www.pravst.unist.hr.
  4. ↑ "Hrvatska primljena u punopravno članstvo UN-a".
  5. ↑ "Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata". www.centardomovinskograta.hr.
  6. ↑ Zlatko (2010-10-04). "ZAKON | O POTVRĐIVANJU SPORAZUMA O NORMALIZACIJI ODNOSA IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I SAVEZNE REPUBLIKE JUGOSLAVIJE" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  7. ↑ "MVEP • Datumi priznanja". www.mvep.hr.
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