How to Cook and Eat in Chinese

Illustrator Calligraphy by Hu Shi
Country United States
Series An Asia Press Book
Genre Cookbook
Publisher John Day Company
Publication date
 1945
Pages 262
Followed by How to Order and Eat in Chinese

How to Cook and Eat in Chinese is a cookbook and introduction to Chinese cuisine and Chinese food culture by Chao Yang Buwei. It was first published in 1945, and appeared in revised and expanded editions in 1949 and 1956; the third and final edition appeared in 1968. Much of the text was written by her husband, Y.R. Chao, who coined the English terms "stir fry" and "pot stickers." [1] It has been called "the first truly insightful English-language Chinese cookbook." [2]

Pearl S. Buck, at that time the most widely read American author on the subject of China, wrote in her Preface to the book that she wanted to nominate Mrs. Chao for the Nobel Peace Prize: “what better road to universal peace is there than to gather around the table where new and delicious dishes are set forth, dishes which, though yet untasted by us, we are destined to enjoy and love?” [3]

Background

During World War II, Mrs. Chao's husband, Y.R. Chao, ran the Special Language Training Program at Harvard to teach Chinese to American soldiers. Each night the instructors gathered at the Chao home to prepare the teaching material for the next day, sometimes late into the night. Mrs. Chao developed a repertoire of dishes to feed them that could be prepared in an American kitchen using ingredients from local groceries.[4] Then Agnes Hocking, wife of Harvard professor William Ernest Hocking, and friend of many years, told her to write the book.[5]

Her "Author's Note" explains she was "ashamed" to have written it, first because as a medical doctor she should have been practicing medicine, second: "I didn't write the book". [6] She goes on to explain how she, her daughter Rulan and her husband collaborated:

The way I didn’t was like this. You know I speak little English and write less. So I cooked my dishes in Chinese, my daughter Rulan put my Chinese into English, and my husband, finding the English dull, put much of it back into Chinese again.[7]

Much of the book bears Y.R. Chao's style and the chapters are structured in the same way as his Mandarin Primer, the language text that also grew out of his wartime language program.[4] While the book describes a family collaboration, Jason Epstein, who met Mr. and Mrs. Chao when he edited the 1972 reprint of the book, claims "it is obvious from the text that the professor wrote the entire book in his wife's name, using her recipes," that is, "pretending to be his wife...." [8] However, Yuen Ren later told an interviewer that Rulan did the translation: "She would complain sometimes, 'Daddy, you have so many footnotes. Somebody will think that you translated the book,' not that she was the translator." [9]

In 1974, Buwei and her daughter Lensey Namioka published How To Order and Eat in Chinese, a guide to eating in Chinese restaurants.

Structure and contents

The book "never claims to be presenting an encyclopedic, region-by-region picture of Chinese cuisine in all its vastness and complexity," but evokes the "shape and feeling of the major Chinese cooking techniques and putting them to simple use in her recipes". The ingredients are generally limited to those available in the local markets in larger cities, though soy sauce, scallions, and sherry are used in most recipes. Fresh ginger is called for "if you can get it." [10]

Part One, “Cooking and Eating,” begins with Chapter I "Introduction", beginning with a description of "Meal Systems." This section includes an account of the types of meals eaten in different parts of China by different classes of people and explains the difference between a meal -- "fan, a period of rice" -- and a snack --dian xin "something to dot the heart". Chao describes the customary behavior, for instance at the end of a banquet, with what Janet Theophano calls "a spirit of frivolity and playfulness."[11]

Individual chapters then deal with “Eating Materials,” “Cooking Materials,” “Cooking and Eating Utensils,” “Methods of Readying,” and “Methods of Cooking.” Chapter V, “Methods of Readying” has sub-sections on “Cleaning,” “Cutting, Picking etc.,” “Mixing and Fixing,” and “Precooking.” Precise directions tell how to perform such tasks as “rolling knife pieces” (gundao kuai) on a carrot or other crisp vegetable. There are detailed descriptions, observations, and directives on these cooking techniques.[12]

Sometimes humor colors the description, as with that of chao (Chinese: 炒; pinyin: chǎo), for which Chao created the English term "stir-fry":

with its aspiration, low-rising tone and all, cannot be accurately translated into English. Roughly speaking, CH'AO may be defined as a big-fire-shallow-fat-continual-stirring-quick-frying of cut-up material with wet seasoning. So we shall call it stir fry... [13]

Part II is given over to recipes, including chapters on Red-Cook Meat, Meat Slices, Meat Shreds, Beef, Chicken, Duck, Fish, Vegetables, Soups, Pots, Sweet Things, and Pastry. A final chapter is "Meals and Menus".

Reception and commentary

The New York Times review of the 1945 first edition called it “something novel in the way of a cook book” and said that it “strikes us as being an authentic account of the Chinese culinary system, which is every bit as complicated as the culture that has produced it.” [14][15]

Later writers have seen the work as more than a collection of recipes. The American food writer Anne Mendelson calls How To Cook and Eat in Chinese "a vast departure from previous attempts to teach Chinese cooking to Americans". [16] One historian sees the book as part of the larger story of cultural relations between the United States and China during the Open Door period.[17]

Janet Theophano wrote that How to Cook and Eat in Chinese is "more than a cookbook: It is the stage on which Mrs. Chao unfolds a personal, family, and cultural drama." The book is a "double act of translation," she explains, for it interprets the techniques of Chinese cooking and the etiquette of eating Chinese meals for an American audience" and it "mirrors the act of translation required of immigrants adjusting to their adopted countries." Readers "also travel with Mrs. Chao on this more personal journey as she succinctly narrates her affectionate, sometimes tense, relationship with her family and the life experiences that compelled her to author this book."[18]

Selected editions

  • —— (1945). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. New York: John Day. OCLC 710009154.
  • —— (1949). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. 262 pages. New York: John Day Co. OCLC 50475193.
  • —— (1956). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. London: Faber and Faber.
  • —— (1963). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. New York: John Day.
  • —— (1963). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. 3rd ed., Revised and enlarged. New York: Random House.
  • —— (1972). How to Cook and Eat in Chinese. 3rd ed., Revised and enlarged. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0394717031.
  • ——; with Chao, Lensie (1974). How to Order and Eat in Chinese to Get the Best Meal in a Chinese Restaurant. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0394719832.
  • 杨步伟, 中国食谱 (Zhongguo shi pu) tr. 柳建树 Jianshu Liu;, 秦甦, Su Qin Beijing 九州出版社: Jiu zhou chu ban she, 2016.
  • 杨步伟, 中国食谱 (Zhongguo shi pu) tr. 柳建树 Jianshu Liu;, 秦甦, Su Qin Beijing 九州出版社: Jiu zhou chu ban she, 2017.

Notes

  1. ↑ Hayford (2012).
  2. ↑ Mendelson (2016), p. ix.
  3. ↑ Chao (1945), p. 20.
  4. 1 2 Hayford (2012), pp. 77-79.
  5. ↑ Chao (1945), p. xiii.
  6. ↑ Chao (1945), p. xii.
  7. ↑ Hayford (2012) p. 78, quoting from How To Cook and Eat, p. 21
  8. ↑ Epstein, Jason (2010), Eating, Knopf Doubleday, pp. 103–105
  9. ↑ Chao, Yuen Ren. Interviewed by Levenson, Rosemary. "Chinese linguist, phonologist, composer and author: oral history transcript / and related material, 1974-1977," "China Scholars Series": pp. 177-178
  10. ↑ Mendelson (2016), p. 158.
  11. ↑ Theophano (2002), p. 260.
  12. ↑ Hayford (2012), p. 79-80.
  13. ↑ Chao (1945), p. 74.
  14. ↑ Jane Holt "Cook Book Review," New York Times 1945
  15. ↑ Quoted in Theophano, “Home Cooking,” p. 139.
  16. ↑ Mendelson (2016), p. 149.
  17. ↑ Hayford (2012), p. 68-69.
  18. ↑ Theophano (2002), p. 1.

References

  • Hayford, Charles W. (2012). "Open Recipes Openly Arrived At: How to Cook and Eat in Chinese (1945): The Translation of Chinese Food". Journal of Oriental Studies. 45 (1 & 2): 67–87.
  • Mendelson, Anne (2016). Chow Chop Suey: Food and the Chinese American Journey. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231158602.
  • Theophano, Janet (2002). Eat My Words: Reading Women's Lives through the Cookbooks They Wrote. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0312233787.
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