Homicide Act 1957

Homicide Act 1957
Long title An Act to make for England and Wales (and for courts-martial wherever sitting) amendments of the law relating to homicide and the trial and punishment of murder, and for Scotland amendments of the law relating to the trial and punishment of murder and attempts to murder.
Citation 5 & 6 Eliz.2 c.11
Dates
Royal assent 21 March 1957
Commencement 21 March 1957[1]
Status: Amended
Text of the Homicide Act 1957 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk

The Homicide Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz.2 c.11) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was enacted as a partial reform of the common law offence of murder in English law by abolishing the doctrine of constructive malice (except in limited circumstances), reforming the partial defence of provocation, and by introducing the partial defences of diminished responsibility and suicide pact. It restricted the use of the death penalty for murder.

Similar provisions to Part I of this Act was enacted for Northern Ireland by Part II of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966.

History

The Act was introduced following the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–53, and embodied some of its recommendations but differed from the main recommendation which was that "it is impracticable to find a satisfactory method of limiting the scope of capital punishment by dividing murder into degrees".[2] During and after the Royal Commission there had been several controversial cases, including that of Derek Bentley in 1953 where a 19-year-old defendant was hanged for a murder committed by his 16-year-old co-defendant. (Bentley's conviction was found to be unsafe by the Court of Appeal in 1998)[3] The hanging of Ruth Ellis in 1955 had also caused considerable unease with the system of capital punishment; Ellis had a strong potential defence of diminished responsibility, but the law did not provide for such a defence to a charge of murder.[4]

In November 1955, after Home Secretary Gwilym Lloyd George announced the government's rejection of some of the Royal Commission's proposals, veteran MP Sydney Silverman introduced a Bill to abolish capital punishment. The Conservative government avoided a vote on it (which would have shown Conservative MPs to be divided),[5] but a debate was held in February 1956 on a government motion and resulted in an abolitionist amendment being carried by 293 to 262.[6] Silverman's Bill was then passed by the Commons but vetoed by the House of Lords.

In order to mollify the abolitionists, the government then announced it would bring in a reform to the law to curtail the use of capital punishment.

Part I – Amendments to the law of England and Wales as to the fact of Murder

This Part does not extend to Scotland.[7]

Section 1 – Abolition of constructive malice

Constructive malice was the doctrine that malice aforethought, the mental element for murder, could be attributed to the defendant if death was caused during the commission of another felony (such as robbery or burglary). Section 1 of the Act abolished constructive malice except where the intention implicit in the other crime was an intention to kill or to do grievous bodily harm. Thus, the automatic linkage between the other crime and the murder was broken, and juries were then required to consider more directly whether the accused was culpable when engaging in the conduct resulting in death. But this made the Act unclear in its effect. Although the marginal note to the section purports to abolish the doctrine of "constructive malice", it did not abolish the concept of felony, the rules relating to the arrest of felons or the general rules specifying the test for the mental element which the juries were to apply. Hence, the Act did not abolish the principles of expressed malice or implied malice, i.e. malice could be implied by the words and expressions used by the accused, or there was a set of circumstances from which malice could be implied. These were objective tests that enabled the court to impute or "construct" the malice. This continuing common law was the basis of the decision in DPP v Smith[8] where the Lords confirmed that neither expressed nor implied malice had been repealed by the section.[9] It was not until the Criminal Law Act 1967 abolished the distinction between felonies and misdemeanours that the old common law rules on malice for the proof of mens rea in felonies could no longer apply.

Voluntary manslaughter defences

The Act created two partial defences—diminished responsibility and suicide pact—to murder which, if satisfied, reduce a charge of murder to a charge of manslaughter. It also changed the law of another partial defence to murder provocation.

Diminished responsibility

In 1953 the Report of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment[10] took the view that mental abnormality which resulted in a diminished responsibility, was relatively common and potentially of importance to a wide range of offences. The Commission therefore asserted that a “radical” amendment to the existing law would not be justified for the “limited” purpose of enabling the courts to avoid imposing the death sentence. Parliament was not impressed and section 2 of the Act now provides that diminished responsibility is available as a defence where the accused was, at the time of the offence, suffering from an "abnormality of the mind" which substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts or omissions resulting in murder. The burden of proof is on the accused to show that she/he was suffering from diminished responsibility.

This defence is distinguishable from the defence of insanity for while the former requires a substantial impairment of mental responsibility arising from an abnormality of the mind, the latter requires a defect of reason arising from a disease of the mind. Broadly, the difference is that diminished responsibility is characterised by a temporary emotional or mental state which causes the accused to lose control over whether and how to act, whereas insanity is any inherent (internal) defect which so radically affects the defendant that he or she does not understand what is being done or that it is legally wrong to do it (other conditions may cause the accused to become an automaton, i.e. to be unable to control her/his body's movements, see automatism and its case law). A further distinction is that the defence of diminished responsibility reduces a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter, whereas the defence of insanity excuses the accused of all guilt (but may require the accused to be placed in special care, say, by imposing a hospital order under section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983, and automatism results in a complete acquittal.

Abnormality of the mind

An abnormality of the mind is a "state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal".[11] This can arise from a mental incapacity to reason properly or from an inability to exercise willpower to control physical acts. Examples of an abnormality of the mind included:

  • post-natal depression (R v Reynolds [1988])
  • battered woman syndrome (R v Ahluwahlia [1992]; R v Hobson [1998])
  • excessive jealousy (R v Vinagre [1979])

Intoxication may not constitute an abnormality of the mind unless the craving for alcohol has become involuntary (R v Tandy [1989]).

Substantial impairment of mental responsibility

There must be a "substantial" impairment of mental responsibility. Whether the impairment is "substantial" is defined either according to a common-sense standard or as "more than some trivial degree of impairment but less than total impairment" (R v Lloyd [1967]).

Section 3 - Provocation

Provocation can be distinguished from diminished responsibility which recognises a reduction in culpability because the defendant does not have the capacity to choose whether to break the law or not. The defence of provocation was based on the argument that a person who was so provoked as to completely lose their self-control should not be punished in the same way as those who murder wilfully. The defence was available under common law where the accused was provoked to lose his self-control. Provocation could be caused by things done or things the accused heard or said himself. The jury then decided whether the provocation would have been sufficient to cause a reasonable man to lose his self-control. If so, the charge could be reduced from murder to voluntary manslaughter. The accused needed adduce only prima facie evidence of provocation. It was then up to the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was not provoked. Two conditions had to be satisfied:

  • Subjective condition. For the jury to find provocation, they had to be satisfied that the accused was actually provoked and lost self-control (R v Duffy [1949]). This was a subjective test based solely on the actual effect the behaviour of the victim had on the accused.
  • Objective condition. The jury had also to find that the reasonable person would have done as the defendant did (R v Duffy [1949]).

It was thus possible for a person to have been subjectively provoked but not objectively provoked (e.g. a particularly sensitive person) or to have been objectively provoked but not subjectively provoked (e.g. a particular insensitive person). It was also possible for the provocation to have been built up over a period of time, provided that the outburst was sudden and temporary (R v Ahluwalia [1992]).

Section 3 of the Act made "the question whether the provocation was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did" the jury's responsibility. Previously this decision could be withdrawn from the jury by the judge.

In 2004 the Law Commission recommended substantial revision to this defence in their report on Partial Defences to Murder.[12] Section 3 was repealed on 4 October 2010 by section 56(2)(a) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[13]

Suicide pact

Parliament's intention in section 4 was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die. The reason for the failure might be that the means adopted proved inadequate or the survivor's commitment was fragile. In either event, the trauma of involvement in such a pact was considered equivalent to a punishment and that the mandatory life sentence of murder was an inappropriate sentence for such defendants. Thus the Act provides that where the accused kills a person, or is party to a person being killed, while acting in accordance with a suicide pact, the charge will be reduced from murder to manslaughter. A 'suicide pact' is a common agreement between two or more persons providing for the death of all those persons (whether they should take their own lives or those of each other). It is a requirement of the defence that the accused herself/himself had a "settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact". This is to avoid the accused entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder. The burden is on the accused to prove that she/he:

  1. was party to a suicide pact, and
  2. had a settled intention of dying.

Part II – Liability to the death penalty

Until the Homicide Act was passed the mandatory penalty for all adults convicted of murder was death by hanging. After decades of campaigning, abolitionists secured a partial victory with the Act, which limited the circumstances in which murderers could be executed, requiring mandatory life imprisonment in all other cases.

Section 5 – Capital murder

This section created a new offence of capital murder. A person was guilty of this offence if he committed murder in one of five situations:

  • Murder in the course or furtherance of theft; s.5(1)(a)
  • Murder by shooting or by causing an explosion; s.5(1)(b)
  • Murder in the course or for the purpose of resisting, avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, or of effecting or assisting an escape or rescue from legal custody; s.5(1)(c)
  • Murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty, or of a person assisting a police officer so acting; s.5(1)(d)
  • Murder of a prison officer acting in the execution of his duty, or of a person assisting a prison officer so acting, by a person who was a prisoner at the time when he did or was a party to the murder; s.5(1)(e).

Forms of indictment for this offence were provided by S.I. 1957/699.

Section 6 – Death penalty for repeated murders

This section required the death penalty for anyone convicted of two murders. There were two subsections:

  • Two murders committed on separate occasions, provided both murders were committed in Great Britain; s.6(1)
  • The murder of two or more people being charged in the same indictment; s.6(2)

Section 7 – Abolition of the death penalty for other murders

All other murders were to be punished with mandatory life imprisonment.

Capital murder convictions

There were 75 convictions for capital murder under the Act, 66 in England and Wales and nine in Scotland. Five were of people under the age of 18; six of the convictions were reduced either to non-capital murder or manslaughter on appeal, leaving 63 men and one woman who were liable to be hanged. Of these 64, 32 (including the only woman) were recommended to mercy and were reprieved from the gallows. 32 men - 29 in England and Wales and three in Scotland - were hanged.

England and Wales

Date Defendant Court Section Outcome Reference
16 May 1957Dunbar, Ronald PatrickNewcastle upon Tyne Assizes5 (1) (a)reduced to manslaughter on appeal[14]
23 May 1957Vickers, John WilsonCumberland Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[15]
28 June 1957McPherson, Franklin RupertNottingham Assizes5 (1) (b)reduced to manslaughter on appeal[16]
18 October 1957Howard, DennisWorcester Assizes5 (1) (a) and (b)hanged[17]
19 December 1957Spriggs, John FrancisBirmingham Assizes5 (1) (b)reprieved[18]
30 January 1958Matheson, Albert EdwardDurham Assizes5 (1) (a)reduced to manslaughter on appeal[19]
18 March 1958Teed, Vivian FrederickCardiff Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[20]
29 March 1958Wilson, Mary ElizabethLeeds Assizes6 (2)reprieved[21]
30 April 1958Bosworth, Arthur JohnCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a) and (c)reprieved[22]
22 May 1958Collier, George WilliamCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)reprieved[23]
3 July 1958Kavanagh, MatthewWarwick Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[24]
23 July 1958Stokes, FrankLeeds Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[25]
20 October 1958Chandler, BrianDurham Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[26]
10 December 1958Jones, Ernest RaymondLeeds Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[27]
4 March 1959Chrimes, JosephCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)hanged[28]
19 March 1959Marwood, Ronald HenryCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (d)hanged[29]
23 March 1959Tatum, Michael GeorgeHampshire Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[30]
13 April 1959Di Duca, David LancelotHampshire Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[31]
1 July 1959Walden, Bernard HughSheffield Assizes5 (1) (b)hanged[32]
24 September 1959Podola, Guenther Fritz ErwinCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (b), (c) and (d)hanged[33]
7 April 1960Smith, JimCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (d)reduced to manslaughter on appeal; conviction
restored by the House of Lords; reprieved		[34]
1 June 1960Pocze, MihalyLancaster Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[35]
22 July 1960Constantine, John LouisBirmingham Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[36]
26 September 1960Harris, Norman JamesCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)hanged[37]
26 September 1960Forsyth, Francis Robert GeorgeCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)hanged[37]
26 September 1960Lutt, TerenceCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)detained at HM pleasure (aged 17)[37]
20 October 1960Rogers, JohnSomerset Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[38]
18 November 1960Gnypiuk, WasylNottingham Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[39]
12 December 1960Riley, GeorgeStafford Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[40]
20 January 1961Day, JackBedford Assizes5 (1) (b)hanged[41]
20 March 1961Duffy, Christopher JohnCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)detained at HM pleasure (aged 16)[42]
28 March 1961Terry, Victor JohnSussex Assizes5 (1) (a) and (b)hanged[43]
26 April 1961Pankotai, ZsigaLeeds Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[44]
1 May 1961Singleton, SidneyManchester Crown Court5 (1) (a)detained at HM pleasure (aged 17)[45]
12 May 1961Bush, Edwin Albert ArthurCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)hanged[46]
4 July 1961Porritt, George AnthonyCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (b)reduced to manslaughter on appeal[47]
20 July 1961Niemasz, HendrykLewes Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[48]
1 November 1961McMenemy, John ChristopherLiverpool Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[49]
17 February 1962Hanratty, JamesBedford Assizes5 (1) (b)hanged[50]
20 July 1962McCrorey, Bernard JosephManchester Crown Court5 (1) (a)reduced to manslaughter on appeal[51]
12 October 1962Grey, Oswald AugustusBirmingham Assizes5 (1) (a) and (b)hanged[52]
18 October 1962Smith, JamesLiverpool Crown Court5 (1) (a)hanged[53]
12 March 1963Thatcher, George FrederickCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a) and (b)reduced to non-capital murder on appeal[54]
7 October 1963Black, Edgar ValentineGlamorgan Assizes5 (1) (b)reprieved[55]
2 November 1963Pascoe, RussellCornwall Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[56]
2 November 1963Whitty, Dennis JohnCornwall Assizes5 (1) (a)hanged[56]
6 February 1964Simcox, ChristopherStafford Assizes5 (1) (b) and 6 (1)reprieved[57]
1 May 1964Masters, Joseph WilliamLancaster Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[58]
26 June 1964Dobbing, William JosephLeeds Assizes5 (1) (b)reprieved[59]
7 July 1964Allen, Peter AnthonyManchester Crown Court5 (1) (a)hanged[60]
7 July 1964Evans, Gwynne OwenManchester Crown Court5 (1) (a)hanged[60]
14 December 1964Cooper, Ronald JohnCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (b)reprieved[61]
17 December 1964Dunford, Peter AnthonyLeeds Assizes6 (1)reprieved[62]
8 February 1965Lawrence, JosephStafford Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[63]
22 March 1965Dunning, William RogerCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)reprieved[64]
22 March 1965Simpson, John CumminsCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)reprieved[64]
22 March 1965Odam, Michael WilliamCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (a)reprieved[64]
26 March 1965Pockett, Frank GordonBirmingham Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[65]
30 March 1965Latham, Richard TerenceLeeds Assizes5 (1) (b)reprieved[66]
7 April 1965Stoneley, John WilliamWinchester Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[67]
26 July 1965Williams, FrederickWorcester Assizes5 (1) (b)reprieved[68]
27 July 1965Burgess, Henry FrancisCentral Criminal Court5 (1) (b)reprieved[69]
27 October 1965Wardley, David HenryStafford Assizes5 (1) (d)reprieved[70]
1 November 1965Chapman, David StephenLeeds Assizes5 (1) (a)reprieved[71]

Scotland

Date Accused Court Section Outcome Reference
29 May 1958Manuel, Peter Thomas AnthonyHigh Court at Glasgow5 (1) (b) and 6 (2)hanged[72]
25 September 1958Forbes, Donald FergusonHigh Court at Edinburgh5 (1) (a)reprieved[73]
7 July 1959McGilvray, JohnHigh Court at Glasgow5 (1) (a)detained at HM pleasure (aged 17)[74]
9 March 1960Stirling, Alexander MainHigh Court at Edinburgh5 (1) (b) and 6 (2)reprieved[75]
16 November 1960Miller, Anthony JosephHigh Court at Glasgow5 (1) (a)hanged[76]
30 November 1960Dickson, Robert McKenna CribbesHigh Court at Dumfries5 (1) (b)reprieved[77]
8 May 1962Rodger, WilliamHigh Court at Glasgow5 (1) (a)detained at HM pleasure (aged 17)[78]
25 July 1963Burnett, Henry JohnHigh Court at Aberdeen5 (1) (b)hanged[79]
20 February 1964McCarron, PatrickHigh Court at Perth5 (1) (b)reprieved[80]

Abolition of the death penalty

The death penalty for murder was suspended for five years in 1965, and permanently abolished in 1969 (although it still remained for treason until 1998). The penalty today is life imprisonment under the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Act came into force on the date it received royal assent because no other date was specified.
  2. ↑ "Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–53" Cmd. 8932, p. 278 para 41.
  3. ↑ Link to judgement Archived 2006-02-03 at the Wayback Machine..
  4. ↑ On this paragraph in general see James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), chapters 4 and 5, pp 96-125.
  5. ↑ James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), pp 127-129.
  6. ↑ HC Deb 5 ser vol 548 cc2536-655; James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), pp. 129-137.
  7. ↑ The Homicide Act 1957, section 13(1)
  8. ↑ (1960) 3 AER 161
  9. ↑ see Glanville Williams “Constructive Malice revived” (1960) 23 MLR 604 and J.C. Smith, “Case and Comment: DPP v Smith” (1960) Crim. LR 765).
  10. ↑ (1953) Cmd 8932
  11. ↑ R v Byrne [1960])
  12. ↑ available at .
  13. ↑ The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/816 (C. 56)), article 5(g)(i)
  14. ↑ "Law Report, July 1". The Times. 2 July 1957. p. 11. (Subscription required (help)). .
  15. ↑ "Law Report, July 5". The Times. 6 July 1957. p. 10. (Subscription required (help)).
  16. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 23 July 1957. p. 12. (Subscription required (help)).
  17. ↑ "Capital Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 19 November 1957. p. 14. (Subscription required (help)).
  18. ↑ "Murder of Barman by Shooting". The Times. 20 December 1957. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  19. ↑ "Death Sentence on Handyman". The Times. 31 January 1958. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
  20. ↑ "Execution Date Fixed". The Times. 24 April 1958. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  21. ↑ "Murder of Two Husbands". The Times. 31 March 1958. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)).
  22. ↑ "Labourer Sentenced to Death". The Times. 1 May 1958. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  23. ↑ "Capital Murder of Recluse". The Times. 23 May 1958. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  24. ↑ "No Reprieve Recommended". The Times. 11 August 1958. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  25. ↑ "Death Sentence for Hammer Murder". The Times. 24 July 1958. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  26. ↑ "Capital Murder appeal dismissed". The Times. 2 December 1958. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  27. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 27 January 1959. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  28. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 11 April 1959. p. 10. (Subscription required (help)).
  29. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 21 April 1959. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  30. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 28 April 1959. p. 14. (Subscription required (help)).
  31. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 27 May 1959. p. 13. (Subscription required (help)).
  32. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 28 July 1959. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  33. ↑ "Podola sentenced to death for "Foul and Terrible deed"". The Times. 25 September 1959. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  34. ↑ "Law Report, July 28". The Times. 29 July 1960. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)).
  35. ↑ "Two Murderers are Reprieved". The Times. 1 August 1960. (Subscription required (help)).
  36. ↑ "Capital Murder appeal dismissed". The Times. 16 August 1960. (Subscription required (help)).
  37. 1 2 3 "Law Report, October 24". The Times. 25 October 1960. (Subscription required (help)).
  38. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". 22 November 1960. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  39. ↑ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 12 January 1961. p. 16. (Subscription required (help)).
  40. ↑ "Murder Appeal dismissed". The Times. 24 January 1961. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  41. ↑ "Sentence of Death on 'Guns my Hobby' Man". The Times. 21 January 1961. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
  42. ↑ "Boy of 16 Guilty of Capital Murder". The Times. 21 March 1961. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  43. ↑ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 9 May 1961. p. 15. (Subscription required (help)).
  44. ↑ "No Appeal to Lords". The Times. 15 June 1961. p. 22. (Subscription required (help)).
  45. ↑ "Youth Guilty of Lift Shaft Murder". The Times. 2 May 1961. p. 15. (Subscription required (help)).
  46. ↑ "Death for Curio Shop Murder". The Times. 13 May 1961. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  47. ↑ "Capital Murder Appeal Allowed". The Times. 27 July 1961. p. 15. (Subscription required (help)).
  48. ↑ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 16 August 1961. p. 12. (Subscription required (help)).
  49. ↑ "Reprieve for John McMenemy". The Times. 25 November 1961. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  50. ↑ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 14 March 1962. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  51. ↑ "Capital Murder Appeal Allowed". The Times. 31 July 1962. p. 13. (Subscription required (help)).
  52. ↑ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 30 October 1962. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  53. ↑ "Capital Murder". The Times. 6 November 1962. p. 16. (Subscription required (help)).
  54. ↑ "Defective Summing-up: Appeal Allowed". The Times. 6 April 1963. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  55. ↑ "Reprieve for Father of Three". The Times. 7 November 1963. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  56. 1 2 "2 Men Sentenced to Death". The Times. 4 November 1963. p. 14. (Subscription required (help)).
  57. ↑ ""Paranoid Personality": Two Murders". The Times. 25 February 1964. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  58. ↑ "Capital Murder". The Times. 15 May 1964. p. 10. (Subscription required (help)).
  59. ↑ "Capital Murder". The Times. 14 July 1964. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)).
  60. 1 2 "Capital Murder". The Times. 21 July 1964. (Subscription required (help)).
  61. ↑ "Murder Appeal Abandoned". The Times. 13 January 1965. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  62. ↑ "Death Sentence on Youth for Second Murder". The Times. 18 December 1964. p. 4. (Subscription required (help)).
  63. ↑ "Life sentence reduced to seven years". The Guardian. 3 March 1965. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  64. 1 2 3 "Death Sentence on Three Men". The Times. 23 March 1965. p. 15. (Subscription required (help)).
  65. ↑ "Capital Murder". The Times. 20 July 1965. p. 19. (Subscription required (help)).
  66. ↑ "Premeditated Murder". The Times. 29 April 1965. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  67. ↑ "Two Guilty of Taxi Driver's Murder". The Times. 8 April 1965. p. 7. (Subscription required (help)).
  68. ↑ "Retrial on Murder Charge Refused". The Times. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  69. ↑ "Police-Sergeant's Appeal Dismissed". The Times. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  70. ↑ "Youth Sentenced to Death". The Times. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)).
  71. ↑ "Death Sentence in Swim Pool Case". The Times. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)).
  72. ↑ ""Tragic Mistake" cost Watts their lives". The Glasgow Herald. 30 May 1958. p. 6.
  73. ↑ "Trawlerman sentenced to death". The Times. 26 September 1958. p. 3. (Subscription required (help)).
  74. ↑ "Cambuslang Youth Guilty of Capital Murder". The Glasgow Herald. 8 July 1959. p. 1.
  75. ↑ "Murder of Woman and Father". The Glasgow Herald. 10 March 1960. p. 10.
  76. ↑ "Death sentence on Glasgow youth". The Times. 17 November 1960. p. 19. (Subscription required (help)).
  77. ↑ "Death Sentence on Lighthouse Man". The Times. 1 December 1960. p. 9. (Subscription required (help)).
  78. ↑ "Youth Guilty of Widow's Murder". The Glasgow Herald. 9 May 1962. p. 5.
  79. ↑ "Burnett Sentenced to Death". The Glasgow Herald. 26 July 1963. p. 8.
  80. ↑ "Miner Sentenced to Death". The Glasgow Herald. 21 February 1964. p. 12.
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