History of Psychology (discipline)

A distinction must be made between the subjects of a study and the specialist experts who undertake that study. It has become common practice to do that -- for studies of the past related to the discipline of "modern psychology" [1] -- by using capital letters: "history of psychology" is the content, and "History of Psychology" is the profession.[2] This article is about the profession.

There are allied areas in adjacent territories, such as the History of Human Science and the History of emotions. These must be considered separately, however, as they have their own disciplinary norms.

"The new history of psychology"

It is now common practice, when teaching advanced courses in the History of Psychology, to follow Laurel Furumoto in making a distinction between "old" and "new history."[3] This label was intended to recognize a shift in disciplinary norms that first became apparent, in retrospect, in the 1970s. Before that, the History of Psychology was harshly criticized by specialist Historians of Science for being "celebratory" and "Whiggish".[4]

In other words, contemporary History of Psychology is broadly describable as "post-Kuhnian." As a result, it shares traits with contemporary Historiography of Science, Science and technology studies, and the Sociology of scientific knowledge. Kurt Danziger's book, Constructing the subject, is often considered exemplary of this approach.[5]

Feminist voices

The realization that previous histories had been celebratory led to a search for subjects who had been dismissed for reasons unrelated to their own merit.[6][7] This effort continues to rediscover extremely significant contributions by women to the formation of psychology, which had become invisible as a result of the way in which the old histories had been written. In this, the influence of E. G. Boring's "old history" continues to be felt today.[8]

Internationalization and indigenization

The critique that psychology is itself biased as a science by its focus on WEIRD subjects coincided with a move toward the internationalization of the History of Psychology. This now has two main lines: (1) the way in which psychology has developed as a discipline in different geographical locations,[9] and (2) the way in which psychological expertise has changed as it has moved between national contexts.[10][11] This is often referred to simply as "indigenization."[12][13]

Graduate Programs

When a university employs a specialist Historian of Psychology to do original research and teach the history course required for accreditation, there is usually only one on staff. However, there are three large research groups in the world that work in English and also offer the PhD:

There are many lower-level programs.

Scholarly Journals

There are three "primary journals" where specialist Histories of Psychology are published:

In addition, there are a large number of "friendly journals" where specialist material can often be found.[14] The most prominent of these include:

Archives

Important interpretive work has been done by examining secondary sources. But true historical discoveries are typically made in specialist archives, where unpublished -- and sometimes unknown -- primary sources can be examined.

Prominent historians of psychology

References

  1. ↑ Danziger, K. (2013). "Psychology and its history". Theory & Psychology. 23 (6): 829–839. doi:10.1177/0959354313502746. Brock, A. C. (2014). "Psychology in the modern sense". Theory & Psychology. 24 (5): 717–722. doi:10.1177/0959354314535513.
  2. ↑ Richards, G. (1996). Putting psychology in its place: An introduction from a critical historical perspective. London: Routledge. p. 1-2.
  3. ↑ Furumoto, L. (1989). "The new history of psychology". In I. S. Cohen. The G. Stanley Hall lecture series (Vol. 9). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. p. 9-34. doi:10.1037/10090-001.
  4. ↑ Young, R. M. (1966). "Scholarship and the history of the behavioural sciences". History of Science. 5 (1): 1–51. doi:10.1177/007327536600500101.
  5. ↑ Danziger, K. (1990). onstructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  6. ↑ Furumoto, L.; Scarborough, E. (1986). "Placing women in the history of psychology: The first American women psychologists". American Psychologist. 41 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.1.35.
  7. ↑ Scarborough, E.; Furumoto, L. (1989). Untold lives: The first generation of American women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press.
  8. ↑ Rutherford, A. (2015). "Maintaining masculinity in mid-twentieth-century American psychology: Edwin Boring, scientific eminence, and the "woman problem"". Osiris. 30 (1): 250–271. doi:10.1086/683022.
  9. ↑ Baker, D. B., ed. (2012). The Oxford handbook of the history of psychology: Global perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
  10. ↑ Carson, J. (2007). The measure of merit: Talents, intelligence, and inequality in the French and American republics, 1750-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  11. ↑ Burman, J. T. (2015). "Neglect of the foreign invisible: Historiography and the navigation of conflicting sensibilities". History of Psychology. 18 (2): 146–169. doi:10.1037/a0039194.
  12. ↑ Danziger, K. (2006). "Universalism and indigenization in the history of modern psychology". In Brock, A. C. Internationalizing the history of psychology. New York: New York University Press.
  13. ↑ Pickren, W. E. (2009). "Indigenization and the history of psychology". Psychological Studies. 54 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1007/s12646-009-0012-7.
  14. ↑ Burman, J. T. (2018). "What Is History of Psychology? Network Analysis of Journal Citation Reports, 2009-2015". Sage Open. 8 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1177/2158244018763005.
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